Members of Parliament

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The people of a State are the source of its sovereign power. The Members of Parliament, who are chosen by the people, use this authority. In a democracy, the people themselves hold the power and can use it directly or through representatives they have freely chosen. A parliament, which is made up of elected and occasionally appointed representatives, is the highest legislative body and is in charge of representing the people. Although it is known as Parliament in the majority of States, it goes by other names in some, including Diet in Japan, Congress in the United States, the National People’s Congress in China, and Duma in the Russian Federation. Bicameral Parliaments, which have two chambers, exist in certain States. Certain States have Unicameral Parliaments, meaning they only have one chamber. Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw make up Myanmar’s Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, a bicameral parliament. Furthermore, the 2008 Constitution also establishes Region and State Hluttaws. The qualifications and quantity of Members of Parliament are provided in the respective constitutions.
The three main powers of State sovereignty are legislative, executive, and judiciary. Parliament, primarily referred to as the legislature, is responsible for granting legislative power. It is referred to differently by the Constitution in some countries. The legislatures are made up of either People’s Representatives or Members of Parliament (in Myanmar, Hluttaw Representatives). Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is the term used to describe it in Myanmar. Parliament is made up of the people’s elected members who serve in the legislature. The primary duty of Parliament is legislation. The process of legislation is conducted in accordance with the Constitution and the relevant laws and regulations. Once a bill is approved by the legislature (in Myanmar, Pyidaungsu Hluttaw), the President formally signs the bill and subsequently enacts it as a law.
Although their duties are generally the same, members of Parliament have slightly different responsibilities depending on their respective constituencies.
Legislation
A member of Parliament’s primary responsibility is to enact laws. A member of parliament is required to propose new laws that are necessary for the nation. It is necessary for the parliament to discuss, debate, and vote on the proposed laws. Additionally, they review and supervise the current laws and make any necessary amendments, repeals, or replacements.

Representation
Members of Parliament ensure that the needs and concerns of their local constituency are brought up in Parliament by representing their voters and serving as their voice.

Check and Balance
In order to maintain checks and balances between the legislative, administrative, and judicial branches of government, the majority of nations in the world implement the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Members of Parliament are responsible for monitoring the government and public services as well as reviewing government policies.

Committee Work
Parliaments create committees and commissions in accordance with their respective constitutions. For example, the Human Rights Committee, the Bill Committee, the Public Accounts Committee, the Health and Sports Committee, and so forth. It is the duty of members of parliament to take part in their committees and commissions.

Party Responsibilities
The majority of Parliamentarians are representatives of political parties, but some are independent candidates. Parliamentarians from various political parties collaborate with their party to develop consensus and shape policy.

Myanmar Hluttaw Representatives
According to the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is made up of Amyotha and Pyithu Hluttaw. Making laws is Pyidaungsu Hluttaw’s primary duty. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw has the authority to enact laws for the entire nation or for a specific region in accordance with the Constitution. It is within the rights of these Hluttaws’ Members of Parliament to present draft legislation to their respective Hluttaws. Therefore, passing legislation is one of the Hluttaw Representatives’ primary duties.
According to the 2008 Constitution, state sovereignty is separated into judicial, administrative, and legislative branches, which serve as mutual checks and balances. Thus, through submitting committee reports, introducing motions, and posing questions, Hluttaw Representatives serve to check and balance the executive and judicial branches.
It is imperative that Hluttaw representatives stay in contact with the electorate and actively participate in the constituency’s development.
Both Amyotha Hluttaw and Pyithu Hluttaw have standing committees, including the Undertaking Vetting Committee, Government’s Guarantees, Pledges, Bill Committee, Public Accounts Committee, and Hluttaw Rights Committee.
Additionally, Hluttaws will establish issue committees to look at issues for a limited period of time that pertain to foreign affairs, economics, finances, social crimes, governance, legislation, and ethnic nationality. These committees are mandatory for the designated Hluttaw Representatives.
According to the 2008 Constitution, State and Region Hluttaws are established. The respective laws govern how State and Region Representatives carry out their responsibilities.

Role of the Members of Parliament
The separation of powers is established and practised in democratic nations by their own constitutions. Parliament and other legislatures are empowered to exercise legislative power. As per the Constitution, the people freely elect the members of parliament. The Head of State (President) is chosen by the parliamentarians. The President of some nations is chosen by popular vote. Members of the Parliament elect the Cabinet and Authorities as well.
The primary responsibilities of members of Parliament are legislation, oversight and representation. That is why the members of Parliament are essential in every country. To that end, the role of members of Parliament and their responsibilities are briefly presented in this article.

gnlm

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A New Chapter for Democracy: Myanmar’s Hluttaw after the 2025 Election
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Following the historic 2025 multiparty democratic general election, widely regarded as free and fair and conducted using electronic voting machines, Myanmar has embarked upon a new chapter in its democratic journey. The general election was held in three phases: the first phase on 28 December 2025, the second phase on 11 January 2026, and the third phase on 25 January 2026. A total of 57 political parties and 86 independent candidates contested the election, including six political parties that competed nationwide and fifty-one political parties that participated in state- and regional-level elections.As a result, 263 representatives were elected to the House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw) and 157 to the House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw). Of those elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, 230 were men, and 33 were women. While in the Amyotha Hluttaw, 133 men and 24 women secured seats. This election, widely regarded as free and fair, represents a significant step in strengthening democratic Hluttaw stands as a cornerstone of democracy, and this significance was reaffirmed governance in Myanmar.After the historic 2025 election, Myanmar saw a pivotal moment as the Pyithu Hluttaw convened for the first time on 16 March 2026, and then on 18 March 2026, the Amyotha Hluttaw also held its first Hluttaw session, making another significant step for the country. During these inaugural sessions, U Khin Yi was elected the Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw, with U Maung Maung Ohn becoming the Deputy Speaker. In the Amyotha Hluttaw, U Aung Lin Dwe was elected the Speaker, and Jeng Phang Naw Taung was the Deputy Speaker.The election itself was a vital milestone for democracy in Myanmar, as it gave the people a genuine voice.As the Hluttaw now organizes its first standing committees, these bodies will play a key role in shaping policy, ensuring accountability, and fostering debate. The Hluttaw now moves forward with the formation of standing committees, which will play a crucial role in the legislative process, policy discussions, and ensuring accountability. As a primary pillar of democracy, the Hluttaw reflects the will of the people and strengthens democratic governance in Myanmar. In this way, the Hluttaw is not just a symbol, but a vital engine of democracy, propelling Myanmar forward as it embraces a new era of governance.With the election of the Speakers and Deputy Speakers and the formation of standing committees, the Hluttaw has become vibrant and active. At the same time, questions have begun to arise about what takes place inside the Hluttaw and how its operations are processed. These questions reflect a growing interest in Hluttaw procedures, legislative functions, and the roles performed within the chambers.Hluttaw serves as the legislative pillar of the state, with its primary responsibility being the enactment of laws. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the exercise of checks and balances across the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Through mechanisms such as raising questions and submitting motions, Hluttaw reflects the voice of the people. In the process of Hluttaw questioning, Hluttaw representatives may raise both starred and unstarred questions. Starred questions require oral answers from the relevant Union ministers within the Hluttaw chamber, allowing for further clarification and supplementary questions. In contrast, unstarred questions are answered in writing by the respective ministries.The principle of the separation of powers remains fundamental to democracy. Under this system, the legislative, executive, and judicial branches function independently while maintaining checks and balances. Among them, the legislative pillar, represented by the Hluttaw, plays a central role in lawmaking, representing the will of the people.A strong and effective Hluttaw will be essential in consolidating democracy, upholding the rule of law, and ensuring that the voices of the people are reflected in national decision-making and ensuring accountable governance. This marks not only a political transition but also the beginning of a new era of democratic development for the nation.As Myanmar move forwards, the strengthening of Hluttaw institutions will be essential in deepening democratic practice, upholding the rule of law, and ensuring accountable governance. A vibrant and responsive Hluttaw not only embodies the will of the people but also serves as the foundation upon which a stable, inclusive, and enduring democracy can be built. In this new era, the continued commitment to democratic principles will determine the nation’s path towards lasting peace and development.gnlm
I Say What I See: State, Sovereignty, and Armed Forces
I Say What I See: State, Sovereignty, and Armed Forces
Definitions give shape to words, but nations give meaning to them.IntroductionIn approaching the three weighty terms – State, Sovereignty, and Armed Forces – it becomes clear that their meanings extend far beyond the confines of formal definitions. Yet, to appreciate their deeper implications for a nation and its people, it is essential to begin with how they are understood in global and local lexicons.According to Oxford, a state is “a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government”, while Merriam-Webster describes it as “a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory”. In Myanmar’s commonly used English-Myanmar dictionaries, the word state is rendered as နိုင်ငံ, an entity defined not only by borders and administration but by the collective identity of its citizens.The term sovereignty, as Oxford notes, is “supreme power or authority,” and Merriam-Webster similarly defines it as “freedom from external control” or “controlling influence”. Locally, it is translated as အာဏာလွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း or အာဏာပိုင်ခွင့်မြေပိုင်ခွင့်အပြည့်အဝ or (လွတ်လပ်သော) အချုပ်အခြာအာဏာ, emphasizing independence, self-rule, and the undivided authority of a nation to determine its own path.As for armed forces, Oxford frames them as “the military organizations of a country”, while Merriam-Webster identifies them as “the combined military, naval, and air forces of a nation”. In Myanmar dictionaries, the term appears as လုံခြုံရေးအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ or more specifically တပ်မတော်, signalling not only the institutional structure but the profound national expectations placed upon it.Yet, beyond these formal explanations, the nuances of these words – state, sovereignty, and armed forces – carry layers of collective sentiment, historical experience, and national consciousness. Their meanings shape how a people understand their identity, their place in the world, and their shared responsibility in upholding the integrity of their nation. In this essay, I seek to explore not only what these words define, but also what they imply, demand, and reveal when viewed through the lens of lived experience.Historical Reflections: From Burma to MyanmarWhen considering the ideas of state, sovereignty, and armed forces within our own national context, it becomes necessary to look across the arc of our history, from the era when the country was known internationally as Burma to the modern period in which it is recognized as Myanmar. Throughout these transitions, the essence of the state has remained anchored in the same foundational pillars: a land, a people, and the authority that binds them together.During the period when the name Burma was widely used, the structure of the state was shaped by the challenges of colonial rule, the quest for self-determination, and the early attempts at nation-building. Sovereignty, in those years, was not merely a constitutional term but a longed-for condition – something to be reclaimed, defended, and redefined. The concept of armed forces likewise evolved during this time, emerging as a symbol of resistance, protection, and the aspiration towards national unity.As the nation later adopted the name Myanmar, the idea of sovereignty became more than a historical achievement; it became a responsibility to be maintained amid changing political, social, and economic landscapes. The modern state had to navigate internal diversity, development priorities, and the pressures of an increasingly interconnected world. In this context, the role of the armed forces has continually been interpreted in relation to national security, territorial integrity, and the safeguarding of the state’s sovereign standing.Across both periods – Burma and Myanmar – one constant is clear: the meaning of the state has always extended beyond administrative structures or constitutional texts. It has embodied the collective aspirations of its people, the preservation of its cultural and geographic identity, and the enduring determination to remain self-governing. Sovereignty, therefore, has not been a static achievement but a living, evolving principle, tested by circumstances and strengthened by the nation’s resilience.The armed forces, likewise, hold significance not only as an institution but as one of the key components of the state’s architecture. 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Golden Decade of Mekong-Lancang Cooperation and Myanmar-China “Pauk-Phaw” Friendship
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Member of the State Security and Peace Commission andUnion Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Union of MyanmarHuman civilization traces its origins to the great river basins, where early societies first took root and flourished. From a life of migration in search of greener pastures, early human communities gradually settled along river systems that offered both sustenance and connectivity. Over time, these settlements evolved into organized and harmonious societies, shaped by a dynamic balance and mutual interaction between humanity and nature, which in turn propelled the advancement of human history.Among the world’s great river basin civilizations, the Mekong River Basin — shared by China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam — is a region with a rich and long history of culture and development. As the people and nations relying on these basins need to collaborate in balancing sustainable development with ecosystem conservation, the leaders of our six nations, guided by a far-sighted vision, officially launched the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation (MLC) ten years ago. This was formalized through the Sanya Declaration during the first Mekong-Lancang Summit held on 23 March 2016 in Sanya, Hainan Province, China.A Partnership Built on a Shared RiverOriginating from the snow-capped Tibetan Plateau, the Mekong River (known as the Lancang River in China) connects six countries: China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The MLC mechanism, built upon this river, has become a vital regional framework.In today’s global landscape, the growing interconnectivity and integration among the regional countries have become a key driver of international development. In this context, the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation (MLC), founded on mutual trust, shared benefit and sustainable development among its member countries, has achieved significant progress over the past decade. It has also embraced the goals of socioeconomic development and prosperity of the people across the region. For Myanmar, this cooperation — rooted in the existing “Pauk-Phaw” friendship with China — has strengthened the historic partnership between the two countries and helped it grow in line with the modern era. This progress is indeed a source of pride and satisfaction.Shared Vision and Firm PrinciplesThe MLC was founded with the vision of “Building a Community of Shared Future” to support regional socioeconomic development, enhance prosperity, narrow the development gap, support the ASEAN Community, implement UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and promote South-South cooperation.Guided by the principles of consensus, equality, mutual consultation, voluntarism, collective engagement, shared benefit and respect for the Charter of the United Nations and international law, the MLC has become one of the most practical and efficient regional mechanisms.A Decade of Achievements and Promising Future ProspectsAs it transitions into a new decade, the MLC has now firmly evolved into a comprehensive sub-regional cooperation mechanism that encompasses multiple levels of engagement from people-to-people cooperation to the Leaders’ level. Throughout the past decade, member countries have consistently carried out cooperation aimed at regional peace, stability, and development while maintaining friendly and close relations among themselves. As a result, tangible progress has been achieved, generating positive outcomes that support the socioeconomic development of the people in the region.Notably, since 2017, China’s initiative, the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) Special Fund, has been instrumental in implementing people-centred development projects with a total budget of US$300 million. It is heartening to observe that over the past decade, a total of 991 projects have been approved across all member countries. These initiatives have significantly contributed to the socioeconomic development of the people residing along the Mekong River Basin.Moreover, amidst the global economic challenges, the MLC stands as a driver for economic and trade cooperation among Member States. China remains the primary trading partner for the Mekong countries. It is encouraging to see the report that the total trade between China and the Mekong countries has been recorded at over US$500 billion in 2025.The MLC has also proven its resilience against global crises. During the COVID-19 pandemic, “Fast Tracks” and “Green Lanes” initiatives were implemented to maintain regional trade. In addition, the joint efforts on combatting transnational crimes, particularly online scams and human trafficking through initiatives such as “Operation SEAGULL” and “Safe Lancang-Mekong 2025” Joint Operation (launched on 26 February 2025) have strengthened regional security. Myanmar, as a responsible member, has actively participated in these efforts.In truth, our six nations are like “fellow travellers in the same boat,” navigating together towards a shared future under the banner of the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation. By rowing in unity and supporting one another, we can undoubtedly overcome any obstacle without wavering and reach our envisioned destination successfully. As we elevate the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation from its foundations to a more advanced stage of development — Mekong-Lancang Cooperation 2.0 (MLC 2.0) — we remain steadfast in our resolve to build a better community based on unity, mutual respect, and mutual benefit. We will accelerate our cooperation in existing sectors such as law enforcement, connectivity, trade and investment, energy, agriculture, water resource management, and human resource development while fostering our collaboration in emerging fields, including AI-based digital transformation, sustainable development, innovation, and combatting non-traditional security issues.MLC and Myanmar’s Strategic RoleIn fact, Mekong and Lancang share the same river — upstream is called ‘Lancang’ in China and the downstream is called ‘Mekong’, which runs across Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam, spanning approximately 4,350 kilometres. Although Myanmar’s share of the river may be modest at just about 234 kilometres (three per cent of the total basin area), its strategic location connecting the upper and lower streams of the river and positioning as the heart of the Myanmar-Laos-Thailand “Golden Triangle” cements Myanmar’s role as an indispensable member of the MLC.Throughout this decade-long journey, Myanmar, as a responsible Member State, has played a pivotal role in the MLC. In a significant historical milestone, Myanmar served as the Co-Chair of the MLC alongside China from 2020 to 2023. Grounded in the MLC’s shared vision, fundamental principles, and its three main pillars — Political and Security; Economic and Sustainable Development; and Social, Cultural, and People-to-People Exchanges — Myanmar focused its efforts on promoting cooperation in regional integration and addressing both traditional and non-traditional security issues, as well as strengthening collaboration in law enforcement, water resources management, science, technology, and innovation.In addition to its co-chairmanship, Myanmar hosted the 4th MLC Leaders’ Meeting and the 7th MLC Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, and also co-chaired the 6th and 9th MLC Foreign Ministers’ Meetings in collaboration with China. The culmination of these efforts led to the adoption of key documents, namely the Nay Pyi Taw Declaration and the MLC Plan of Action (2023-2027), as well as a consensus among Member States to establish a meeting mechanism for the MLC Innovation Corridor.As Myanmar attaches great importance to the MLC and has been actively participating in its activities, Myanmar celebrated the 10th anniversary of the MLC with a series of activities such as publishing commemorative articles and celebratory advertisement in state-owned newspapers alongside the broadcasting of documentary video, hosting a commemorative reception and a photo exhibition on 5 March 2026 at M Gallery Hotel in Nay Pyi Taw — which showcased the successful implementation of LMC Special Fund projects and brought together the Union Ministers and Senior Officials from the LMC Special Fund projects implementing ministries and Ambassadors and diplomats from MLC Member States.Complementary of Myanmar-China Relations and MLCCommenced in 1950, the diplomatic journey between Myanmar and China reached its 75th Anniversary (Diamond Jubilee) in 2025, and it was elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership in 2011. This enduring relationship remains remarkably resilient today, characterized by a unique diplomatic model. Its longevity is anchored in several foundational pillars: the visionary leadership of both nations, a shared geography as close neighbours, and deep-rooted cultural affinities. Furthermore, the partnership continues to thrive on the bedrock of the “Pauk-Phaw” spirit and a steadfast commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, ensuring a bond that remains as firm as ever in the modern era.It would not be an overstatement to suggest that the bilateral relationship between Myanmar and China and the MLC framework are fundamentally synergistic and reinforcing one another. The deep-seated trust and robust diplomatic ties shared by the two nations provide a firm political foundation for regional engagement. Conversely, the success of this regional cooperation further cements bilateral ties, allowing both nations to achieve their shared goals through collective strength and more effective implementation.Projects implemented under the LMC Special Fund are those that directly enhance the socioeconomic lives of the populace. These initiatives play a vital role in supporting Myanmar’s national efforts toward socioeconomic development. Myanmar stands as one of the top recipients of projects among the MLC member states. From 2017 to 2025, the country was granted a total of 132 projects under the LMC Special Fund, with a cumulative value of over US$38.6 million. To date, over 100 of these projects have been successfully implemented, yielding substantial benefits across various sectors in Myanmar, including agriculture and livestock, rural development, infrastructure development, health, science and technology and MSMEs.From a Decade to a CenturyTo summarize, the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation (MLC) continues to accelerate the Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership between China and the countries in the Mekong region. Furthermore, it serves as a mechanism that strengthens the robust bilateral ties and close collaboration between China and its regional neighbours. The mutual friendship and cooperation among these nations are the cornerstones of the MLC’s long-term sustainability and success. As a regional state, Myanmar remains an inseparable partner with China, committed to the interests of both peoples, as well as to the stability, peace, prosperity, and sustainable development of the region. In this regard, the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation — grounded in sincerity and goodwill — should continue to strive towards enduring from its golden decade into the century ahead. With this aspiration, this commemorative note is presented in honour of the 10th Anniversary of the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation.(Views expressed in the article solely belong to the author.)gnlm
A Decade of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation: Forging Ahead Together Towards a Shared Future
A Decade of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation: Forging Ahead Together Towards a Shared Future
Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central CommitteeAnd Foreign Minister of the People’s Republic of ChinaThe Lancang-Mekong nourishes our six nations and binds us closely together. On 23 March 10 years ago, we officially launched the LMC, sowing the seeds of solidarity, collective strengths and mutually beneficial cooperation among regional countries. Under the guidance of President Xi Jinping and leaders of Mekong countries, our six countries have embraced the LMC culture of equality, sincerity, mutual assistance and kinship, acted in the LMC spirit of development first, equal consultation, pragmatism and efficiency, and openness and inclusiveness, and created the LMC speed, with progress and results delivered daily, monthly and annually. Thanks to such efforts, the LMC has grown from a seed to a towering tree, setting an example for the building of a community with a shared future for humanity.Over the past decade, we have linked our future more closely together. Facing changes unseen in a century, our six countries have forged ahead hand in hand, realized full coverage in building bilateral communities with a shared future, and become good neighbours, good friends and good partners sharing weal and woe and supporting each other in times of need.Over the past decade, we have gained more robust momentum for development. Trade between China and the five Mekong countries surpassed US$500 billion, an increase of 150 per cent over a decade ago. The dedication and hard work of government departments and various localities of our six countries have produced fruitful cooperation results.Over the past decade, we have forged a stronger underpinning for security. Our six countries have carried out the Safe Lancang-Mekong Operation, and made concerted efforts in disaster prevention and mitigation and public health, providing effective protection for the life and property of people in the region. China has shared the Lancang River’s hydrological information with downstream countries to help with flood and drought prevention and response.Over the past decade, we have deepened people-to-people exchanges. The Lancang-Mekong Visa was launched. Small and beautiful livelihood programmes such as the LMC Bumper Harvest projects and the Lancang-Mekong Sweet Spring Action have delivered impressive cluster effects. The people of our six countries are visiting each other more frequently, strengthening the bonds of cultural exchange and mutual understanding.Looking back over the past decade, we see three principles that are essential to the robust development of the LMC: first, upholding good neighbourliness, friendship and a shared future; second, focusing on development to serve the people; and third, pursuing innovation and breaking new ground.Right now, the world is entering a period of turbulence. Hegemonism and power politics are asserting themselves and dealing a heavy blow to the international order. Meanwhile, China just concluded the Two Sessions and officially launched the 15th Five-Year Plan, providing much-needed stability for our region. It is important that we better synergize our development strategies, jointly build an “LMC 2.0”, and demonstrate the relevance of the LMC for our times. This will contribute to long-term stability, security, development and prosperity of our region, and set an LMC example for global governance.We should pursue unity and cooperation in the LMC. We should carry forward the Asian values of peace, cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, and accelerate the establishment of an LMC International Secretariat, so as to boost the building of a Lancang-Mekong community with a shared future.We should pursue openness and win-win outcomes in the LMC. We should press ahead with infrastructure connectivity among our countries, further explore the Multi-Nation Multi Park cooperation, deepen cooperation along the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor, and jointly build the LMC Economic Development Belt.We should pursue green and innovation-driven development in the LMC. We should deepen the development of the Lancang-Mekong Innovation Corridor, advance cooperation in the digital economy, artificial intelligence, sci-tech innovation and ecological governance, promote investment in new energy, build regional green value chains, and foster green industrial clusters in the region.We should pursue mutual learning among civilizations in the LMC. We should speed up the development of the Lancang-Mekong Tourism Cities Cooperation Alliance, continue to deepen cooperation among the media outlets and think tanks, amplify the benefits delivered by the LMC Special Fund projects, and step up personnel and youth exchanges among our six countries, so that friendship will be passed on from generation to generation.We should pursue peace and tranquillity in the LMC. We should strengthen cooperation on whole-basin governance, share upstream and downstream hydrological information, step up efforts to combat cross-border crimes such as online gambling and telecom fraud, and ensure the success of the Safe Lancang-Mekong Operation and the Mekong River Joint Patrol and Law Enforcement Operation. By doing so, we will create a safe environment for building a community with a shared future.Since the very inception of the LMC, we have been holding the same view that our cooperation should not be “talk shops” but “bulldozers”. With a commitment to putting people first, we should work to deliver real benefits for the people of our six countries. Standing at a new starting point, China will follow the principle of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness on neighbourhood diplomacy, and work with the five Mekong countries to usher in a new golden decade of the LMC. Together, let us build a peaceful, safe, secure, prosperous, beautiful and amicable home, and make our contribution to peace and development in our region and the wider world.(Views expressed in the article solely belong to the author.)gnlm
I Say What I See: Parliament — A Platform for Turning People’s Voices into Reality Parliament: Bridging Citizens’ Voices and Tangible Change
I Say What I See: Parliament — A Platform for Turning People’s Voices into Reality Parliament: Bridging Citizens’ Voices and Tangible Change
To understand parliament, let’s look beyond the walls and into the voices it carries.In my I Say What I See series, I often begin by turning to definitions – both at home and abroad – to better understand the essence of a subject. According to English-Myanmar dictionaries, a “parliament” is described as a ပါလီမန်၊ လွှတ်တော် of elected representatives entrusted with making laws and voicing the concerns of the people. Likewise, the Oxford and Merriam-Webster dictionaries define parliament as the highest legislative body in a country, a formal institution where public issues are debated and decisions are made. Yet beyond these formal definitions, a parliament is more than a chamber of speeches and statutes; it is, in its truest sense, a platform, where the voices, hopes, and hardships of the people are expected to be transformed into tangible reality.From what I see, the effectiveness of a parliament cannot be measured solely by the laws it passes or the debates it hosts. Its true value lies in how well it channels the aspirations and concerns of ordinary citizens into policies that shape daily life. Observing parliamentary sessions, one notices the delicate balance between rhetoric and action, between representing diverse voices and achieving consensus. In this sense, a parliament is both a mirror and a mould: it reflects the society it serves, and simultaneously, it moulds that society through the decisions it enacts. For citizens, understanding this dual role is essential, not only to appreciate the institution but also to engage with it meaningfully.Consider, for instance, how public concerns about education, healthcare, or local infrastructure reach the parliamentary floor. Through petitions, discussions, and committee reviews, citizens’ voices are not merely heard – they are recorded, debated, and, ideally, translated into action. In my own observations, some proposals take months or even years to materialize, highlighting the patience required in democratic processes. Yet, when a community sees tangible improvements – a school built, a road repaired, or a new policy enacted – it becomes clear that parliament can indeed serve as a bridge between the people and practical change. It is in these moments that the abstract definitions found in dictionaries come alive, and the parliament transforms from a formal institution into a living, responsive platform for the public.Ultimately, a parliament’s true measure lies not in its walls or procedures, but in its ability to translate the collective voices of the people into real, tangible outcomes. It is a living platform, sometimes slow, sometimes imperfect, but one that holds the promise of connection between citizens and governance. Observing it closely, one realizes that every debate, every motion, and every decision carries the potential to shape lives, communities, and the nation itself. For those who engage with it thoughtfully, a parliament is more than a legislative body; it is a reflection of society’s will and a stage where the aspirations of the people can, if nurtured carefully, become reality.A parliament is not just an institution; it is the voice of the people in action.gnlm
Chinese desire for a brighter shared future spotted in the Two Sessions week
Chinese desire for a brighter shared future spotted in the Two Sessions week
The annual top meetings of China’s legislative and political advisory bodies were convened from 4 to 12 March 2026. A wide range of topics from domestic goals and objectives, legal reviews, accelerating development plans, advancing high-quality technology, Artificial Intelligence, quantum technology and robotics to foreign policy to contribute to ensuring global stability were discussed.Because China plays a major role on the international stage, this year’s Two Sessions attracted significant attention from foreign audiences. It is not only the first year of the upcoming 15th Five-Year Plan, but the meeting took place amid rising global uncertainty, economic volatility and geopolitical tensions.Advancing technologiesAs China accomplished its 14th National Five-Year Plan last year with colourful achievements, this year, the Chinese people set themselves to start the engine for transforming their innovations into next steps – from good and high-quality technologies to hyper and very advanced techs with green development – as involved in the top priorities of the upcoming 15th Five-Year Plan of China.In the previous Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping urged promoting the peaceful development of AI, along with prioritizing to ensure safety and fairness for all people from all over the world. In fact, we have already witnessed that China’s peaceful rise and peaceful development have contributed a lot to benefiting mankind. So, this year, since it is the initial year in transiting good and high-quality capacity to hyper and advanced tech innovation of China, that breakthrough is also expected to provide peaceful benefits to the world.Rejuvenation without ignoring the psychological contractBeyond the headlines telling about trade, economic growth, science and technology, and national GDP targets, it is learned that the congress reviewed a draft law on promoting and protecting ethnic unity. Without a doubt, internal unity is considered of great importance for every nation in today’s increasingly competitive and aggressive global environment.Reports suggested that the draft law aims to strengthen the legal foundation and statutory responsibility for advancing common prosperity among the 56 ethnic groups of China. It also aims to protect the ethnic unity within a legal framework by ensuring the rule of law. “Targeting acts that erode ethnic unity, violent terrorism, ethnic separatism and religious extremism will face criminal liability if constituting crimes,” it reportedly said.Thus, the proposed draft law is expected to provide a greater sense of security among ethnic minorities, which in turn allows for focus on steadfast development in the ethnic population areas, the ethnic representatives to the Congress remarked.Multilateralism: A remedy to heal the worldCome the year 2026, time flies; global trends and directions have shifted; and the world has entered a new period of turbulence. Still, challenges remain to uphold the voice and rights of the Global South.The collective rise of the Global South is a breakthrough in reshaping the world. Yet, there are many challenges for the shared journey of Global South countries towards modernization including eradicating poverty, hunger, war and inequality. The role of the Global South, especially Asia and Africa, in resisting and fighting against colonialism in human history should not be denied or discredited. Sovereign equality must be respected.The world is a shared place where countries with different behaviours, different histories, different beliefs and different colours live together. Accordingly, safeguarding peace and the well-being of the world we live in is the common interest of all nations. Unity and equality are placed as some crucial measures in balancing disparities and unfair treatment among diversities. Should major countries play a constructive role by using their strengths? China is a large country that is highly committed to strengthening coordination with the Global South on the road to building a community with a shared future.China’s heart is withthe Global South; China’s root is in the Global South – Wang YiChinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, also a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, answered questions from Chinese and foreign media on 8 March at the sidelines of the event. Echoing the Chinese FM’s words during the press conference, it can be seen that China’s policy on global peace, global governance, and the role of the Global South remains consistently unchanged, promoting the practices of multilateralism with values of the United Nations at the core.He reiterated the vital role of the United Nations in a very hectic, aggressive and volatile international landscape. The UN remains at the position of the cornerstone to prevent the world from returning to the law of the jungle, said the Chinese FM, encouraging the Global South countries to unite and cooperate in defending their rights and interests.Impressively, he also dismissed the rhetoric ideology of ruling the world by a few major countries, asserting that global governance should be engaged by all countries; and global affairs should be decided by all countries on an equal basis. “China has inscribed in its Constitution that it follows an independent foreign policy and is committed to pursuing a path of peaceful development. Chinese leaders have often declared to the world that no matter how the international situation evolves and how strong China becomes, it will never seek hegemony or expansion,” he said.Motivated to build a shared future, the FM affirmed that the 15th Five-Year Plan will not only be a new blueprint for China’s development but also a new vision of win-win cooperation with the rest of the world. To abridge, Chinese commitment to follow a community with a shared future not only for domestic prosperity but also for the global well-being is obviously observed in the recent Two Sessions event.gnlm
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