Taboung is a month distinguished by abundant pleasantness and natural beauty. According to the Myanmar calendar, it is the twelfth and final month of the year, marking the closing chapter before the New Year begins. Astrologically, Taboung falls under the sign of Pisces, symbolized by the fish. Its corresponding lunar mansion is Phalguni, and its seasonal flower, Calophyllum, is blossoming during the month in harmony with the changing climate. As the cool season gradually gives way to summer, the days grow noticeably hot while the nights remain refreshingly cool, creating a unique and balanced atmosphere.
In Myanmar’s central dry zone, known as the Anyar region, the name of the month Taboung is closely associated with traditional rural livelihoods. During this month, sap collected from toddy palm trees is boiled and processed into palm jaggery, an important local product and source of income. The clear skies of Taboung are also said to reveal all twelve constellations, adding a sense of cosmic completeness to the month. Regardless of differing explanations about the origin of its name, Taboung is widely regarded as a time that harmoniously gathers the beauty and charm of all seasons into one.
Taboung also marks the completion of the agricultural cycle. For farmers, it is harvest time – the season when paddy is gathered, and earnings are realized. With financial relief after months of labour, communities engage in acts of charity, merit-making, and joyful celebration. Traders travel widely by various means of transport, taking advantage of the dry roads and favourable conditions for commerce.
As the weather shifts, pagoda festivals across Myanmar come alive with the resonant sounds of gongs and drums. Among religious celebrations, Taboung festivals are the most vibrant and well-attended. Many annual Buddha Pujaniya festivals, regularly held at temples and stupas throughout Myanmar, take place during this month. These events are not only expressions of devotion to the Lord Buddha but also treasured cultural traditions through which Buddhists seek to help Buddhism flourish and endure.
Taboung also marks the completion of the agricultural cycle. For farmers, it is harvest time – the season when paddy is gathered, and earnings are realized. With financial relief after months of labour, communities engage in acts of charity, merit-making, and joyful celebration. Traders travel widely by various means of transport, taking advantage of the dry roads and favourable conditions for commerce.
As schools close for holidays due to gradual raising the tempoerature of the weather, families embark on pilgrimages to visit ancient pagodas and sacred sites. Thus, Taboung is not merely a time for leisure, but a season of spiritual reflection, communal unity, and shared happiness. For the people of Myanmar, it stands as a distinguished month that blends worldly fulfilment with spiritual uplift, truly deserving its description as a time adorned with abundant grace and beauty.
gnlm
Taboung is a month distinguished by abundant pleasantness and natural beauty. According to the Myanmar calendar, it is the twelfth and final month of the year, marking the closing chapter before the New Year begins. Astrologically, Taboung falls under the sign of Pisces, symbolized by the fish. Its corresponding lunar mansion is Phalguni, and its seasonal flower, Calophyllum, is blossoming during the month in harmony with the changing climate. As the cool season gradually gives way to summer, the days grow noticeably hot while the nights remain refreshingly cool, creating a unique and balanced atmosphere.
In Myanmar’s central dry zone, known as the Anyar region, the name of the month Taboung is closely associated with traditional rural livelihoods. During this month, sap collected from toddy palm trees is boiled and processed into palm jaggery, an important local product and source of income. The clear skies of Taboung are also said to reveal all twelve constellations, adding a sense of cosmic completeness to the month. Regardless of differing explanations about the origin of its name, Taboung is widely regarded as a time that harmoniously gathers the beauty and charm of all seasons into one.
Taboung also marks the completion of the agricultural cycle. For farmers, it is harvest time – the season when paddy is gathered, and earnings are realized. With financial relief after months of labour, communities engage in acts of charity, merit-making, and joyful celebration. Traders travel widely by various means of transport, taking advantage of the dry roads and favourable conditions for commerce.
As the weather shifts, pagoda festivals across Myanmar come alive with the resonant sounds of gongs and drums. Among religious celebrations, Taboung festivals are the most vibrant and well-attended. Many annual Buddha Pujaniya festivals, regularly held at temples and stupas throughout Myanmar, take place during this month. These events are not only expressions of devotion to the Lord Buddha but also treasured cultural traditions through which Buddhists seek to help Buddhism flourish and endure.
Taboung also marks the completion of the agricultural cycle. For farmers, it is harvest time – the season when paddy is gathered, and earnings are realized. With financial relief after months of labour, communities engage in acts of charity, merit-making, and joyful celebration. Traders travel widely by various means of transport, taking advantage of the dry roads and favourable conditions for commerce.
As schools close for holidays due to gradual raising the tempoerature of the weather, families embark on pilgrimages to visit ancient pagodas and sacred sites. Thus, Taboung is not merely a time for leisure, but a season of spiritual reflection, communal unity, and shared happiness. For the people of Myanmar, it stands as a distinguished month that blends worldly fulfilment with spiritual uplift, truly deserving its description as a time adorned with abundant grace and beauty.
gnlm
At present, the most prominent seasonal festival is the Htamanè festival. Traditional Myanmar Htamanè is a sweet and fragrant food made by Myanmar people using glutinous rice. Because the cooked glutinous rice is repeatedly stirred and kneaded – similar to the process of making glue or paste – it is called Htamanè. As it is prepared with generous amounts of glutinous rice, coconut, peanuts, ginger, sesame oil, and sesame seeds, it is also known as hnanè-hmanè (sesame Htamanè).
The purpose of making Htamanè during that month is that, since it is prepared from glutinous rice, the natural sticky quality of the rice, combined with the vigorous stirring required, causes heat to build up through perspiration, dispelling coldness and making it well suited to the climate of that month. During the same month, Htamanè making competitions are held in various locations by government departments and residents of wards, and villages alike, with participants wearing matching uniforms.
During the Htamanè preparation, strong and energetic men stir vigorously, sweating as they work together in unity and joy. In doing so, they combine mutual affection with the cool seasonal weather, making the activity beneficial for their health. If one wishes to experience and appreciate the delicious taste and meaningful significance of Htamanè, friends and visitors from around the world can come to Myanmar to observe, participate, and enjoy this tradition firsthand.
The judges do not evaluate the entries solely on taste; they also emphasize the team’s unity, morale, organization, cleanliness, and cooperation. In this way, Htamanè is a food that highlights solidarity and harmony. Moreover, with its rich and pleasant flavour, it is a traditional Myanmar delicacy that is especially enjoyable to eat.
The traditional Myanmar Htamanè festival is a symbol of unity, and elders have long said that the good taste of the Htamanè produced is itself a sign of the success of that unity. The preparation of Htamanè is not done merely for simple enjoyment. It embodies unity, cooperation, leadership, obedience to guidance according to seniority, mutual consideration, and collective encouragement.
In Htamanè making of events, one can observe the admirable and cherished customs of Myanmar society. From such dedicated and collective effort, delicious Htamanè is produced. During the month of Tabodwe, preparing traditional Myanmar Htamanè with care and devotion and offering it to members of the Sangha, as well as sharing it with the public as an act of communal charity (Satuditha), has been a heart-warming tradition passed down continuously from ancient Myanmar times to the present day.
During the Htamanè preparation, strong and energetic men stir vigorously, sweating as they work together in unity and joy. In doing so, they combine mutual affection with the cool seasonal weather, making the activity beneficial for their health. If one wishes to experience and appreciate the delicious taste and meaningful significance of Htamanè, friends and visitors from around the world can come to Myanmar to observe, participate, and enjoy this tradition firsthand.
gnlm
At present, the most prominent seasonal festival is the Htamanè festival. Traditional Myanmar Htamanè is a sweet and fragrant food made by Myanmar people using glutinous rice. Because the cooked glutinous rice is repeatedly stirred and kneaded – similar to the process of making glue or paste – it is called Htamanè. As it is prepared with generous amounts of glutinous rice, coconut, peanuts, ginger, sesame oil, and sesame seeds, it is also known as hnanè-hmanè (sesame Htamanè).
The purpose of making Htamanè during that month is that, since it is prepared from glutinous rice, the natural sticky quality of the rice, combined with the vigorous stirring required, causes heat to build up through perspiration, dispelling coldness and making it well suited to the climate of that month. During the same month, Htamanè making competitions are held in various locations by government departments and residents of wards, and villages alike, with participants wearing matching uniforms.
During the Htamanè preparation, strong and energetic men stir vigorously, sweating as they work together in unity and joy. In doing so, they combine mutual affection with the cool seasonal weather, making the activity beneficial for their health. If one wishes to experience and appreciate the delicious taste and meaningful significance of Htamanè, friends and visitors from around the world can come to Myanmar to observe, participate, and enjoy this tradition firsthand.
The judges do not evaluate the entries solely on taste; they also emphasize the team’s unity, morale, organization, cleanliness, and cooperation. In this way, Htamanè is a food that highlights solidarity and harmony. Moreover, with its rich and pleasant flavour, it is a traditional Myanmar delicacy that is especially enjoyable to eat.
The traditional Myanmar Htamanè festival is a symbol of unity, and elders have long said that the good taste of the Htamanè produced is itself a sign of the success of that unity. The preparation of Htamanè is not done merely for simple enjoyment. It embodies unity, cooperation, leadership, obedience to guidance according to seniority, mutual consideration, and collective encouragement.
In Htamanè making of events, one can observe the admirable and cherished customs of Myanmar society. From such dedicated and collective effort, delicious Htamanè is produced. During the month of Tabodwe, preparing traditional Myanmar Htamanè with care and devotion and offering it to members of the Sangha, as well as sharing it with the public as an act of communal charity (Satuditha), has been a heart-warming tradition passed down continuously from ancient Myanmar times to the present day.
During the Htamanè preparation, strong and energetic men stir vigorously, sweating as they work together in unity and joy. In doing so, they combine mutual affection with the cool seasonal weather, making the activity beneficial for their health. If one wishes to experience and appreciate the delicious taste and meaningful significance of Htamanè, friends and visitors from around the world can come to Myanmar to observe, participate, and enjoy this tradition firsthand.
gnlm
Historical evidence shows that Htamane (traditional glutinous rice dish) festivals were continuously held in Tabodwe, the 11th month of the Myanmar calendar, as far back as the reigns of ancient Myanmar kings. As Tabodwe is the coldest season of the year, people’s bodies tend to lose warmth and energy. Therefore, consuming nutrient-rich htamane, prepared with oil and protein-rich ingredients, was regarded by ancient Myanmar elders as a seasonal food from a traditional medical perspective, as it helped nourish the body and maintain healthy skin.
The preparation of Htamane is a festival that symbolizes unity and solidarity. Along with recalling historical traditions and auspicious beliefs, people consume it as one of the four seasonal foods and offer it in donations. As a festival believed to bring benefits in both the present and the hereafter, the Htamane festival continues to be celebrated joyfully to this day.
From a religious perspective, one of the most significant days of Tabodwe is its Full Moon Day, also known as Ovada Patimokkha Day. On this day, the Buddha delivered the Ovada Patimokkha discourse to the monks, teaching principles which, when practised by laypeople as well, can lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.
For this reason, most Buddhists commemorate Tabodwe by offering fire offerings made with fragrant wood at pagodas, stupas, and religious shrines in reverence to the Buddha. The Fire Offering Festival is also known by other names, such as the Bonfire Festival, Fire Merit-Making Festival, or Fire Donation Festival. In the present era, as Fire Offering Festivals are held less frequently, it is considered important to preserve and pass down this festival as a traditional cultural heritage.
One of the seasonal religious festivals held during Tabodwe is the Fire Offering Festival. As Tabodwe is an extremely cold period, the festival involves offering firewood and braziers to the Lord Buddha and the Sangha, and is therefore called the Fire Offering Festival. According to traditional belief, during ancient times, the Buddha Himself endured the cold by keeping warm with a fire brazier.
For this reason, most Buddhists commemorate Tabodwe by offering fire offerings made with fragrant wood at pagodas, stupas, and religious shrines in reverence to the Buddha. The Fire Offering Festival is also known by other names, such as the Bonfire Festival, Fire Merit-Making Festival, or Fire Donation Festival. In the present era, as Fire Offering Festivals are held less frequently, it is considered important to preserve and pass down this festival as a traditional cultural heritage.
Hence, the Htamane Festival held during Tabodwe is one of the traditional seasonal festivals of the Myanmar New Year cycle and is a customary celebration well suited to the cold climate of the season. As a Myanmar traditional cultural festival rich in auspicious values, the Htamane Festival and the Fire Offering Festival must be preserved and promoted by the Myanmar people so that they may endure for generations to come.
gnlm
Photo: fjkmyanmar.com
Historical evidence shows that Htamane (traditional glutinous rice dish) festivals were continuously held in Tabodwe, the 11th month of the Myanmar calendar, as far back as the reigns of ancient Myanmar kings. As Tabodwe is the coldest season of the year, people’s bodies tend to lose warmth and energy. Therefore, consuming nutrient-rich htamane, prepared with oil and protein-rich ingredients, was regarded by ancient Myanmar elders as a seasonal food from a traditional medical perspective, as it helped nourish the body and maintain healthy skin.
The preparation of Htamane is a festival that symbolizes unity and solidarity. Along with recalling historical traditions and auspicious beliefs, people consume it as one of the four seasonal foods and offer it in donations. As a festival believed to bring benefits in both the present and the hereafter, the Htamane festival continues to be celebrated joyfully to this day.
From a religious perspective, one of the most significant days of Tabodwe is its Full Moon Day, also known as Ovada Patimokkha Day. On this day, the Buddha delivered the Ovada Patimokkha discourse to the monks, teaching principles which, when practised by laypeople as well, can lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.
For this reason, most Buddhists commemorate Tabodwe by offering fire offerings made with fragrant wood at pagodas, stupas, and religious shrines in reverence to the Buddha. The Fire Offering Festival is also known by other names, such as the Bonfire Festival, Fire Merit-Making Festival, or Fire Donation Festival. In the present era, as Fire Offering Festivals are held less frequently, it is considered important to preserve and pass down this festival as a traditional cultural heritage.
One of the seasonal religious festivals held during Tabodwe is the Fire Offering Festival. As Tabodwe is an extremely cold period, the festival involves offering firewood and braziers to the Lord Buddha and the Sangha, and is therefore called the Fire Offering Festival. According to traditional belief, during ancient times, the Buddha Himself endured the cold by keeping warm with a fire brazier.
For this reason, most Buddhists commemorate Tabodwe by offering fire offerings made with fragrant wood at pagodas, stupas, and religious shrines in reverence to the Buddha. The Fire Offering Festival is also known by other names, such as the Bonfire Festival, Fire Merit-Making Festival, or Fire Donation Festival. In the present era, as Fire Offering Festivals are held less frequently, it is considered important to preserve and pass down this festival as a traditional cultural heritage.
Hence, the Htamane Festival held during Tabodwe is one of the traditional seasonal festivals of the Myanmar New Year cycle and is a customary celebration well suited to the cold climate of the season. As a Myanmar traditional cultural festival rich in auspicious values, the Htamane Festival and the Fire Offering Festival must be preserved and promoted by the Myanmar people so that they may endure for generations to come.
gnlm
Photo: fjkmyanmar.com
In the global tourism industry, hot air balloon service has been introduced, and travellers around the world have increasingly come to prefer enjoying the beauty of nature from the sky. In Myanmar, during the open season, visitors will be able to ride hot air balloons to observe and explore the natural beauty of the Bagan cultural zone, and three balloon companies will provide service during this year’s travel season, according to the Directorate of Hotels and Tourism.
During this year’s travel season, both local and foreign visitors will be able to enjoy the natural beauty of the Bagan region from above by taking hot air balloon rides operated by Balloons Over Bagan, Oriental Ballooning Myanmar, and STT Ballooning. Balloons Over Bagan has already begun its operation on 18 October and will continue offering services until April 2026. Oriental Ballooning Myanmar will start flying on 18 November until March 2026, while STT Ballooning will begin operations in the first week of November and continue until February 2026.
Each of the three companies will offer services at a rate of US$170–175 per person (approximately K 3,800–3,900 per dollar). At present, Balloons Over Bagan, which is operating two balloons this month, has already received over 600 bookings from both local and foreign travellers for this season.
“Bagan cultural zone is well-known around the world. What makes it even more famous is that, during the dry season, visitors can enjoy the natural beauty of Bagan from the sky through these hot air balloon rides. We expect a significant arrival of both local and international travellers as Bagan is such a charming and globally competitive destination. Starting from the third week of this month, visitors have already begun enjoying the scenic aerial views of Bagan. We also expect more tourists during the Tazaungdine holidays, like the Thadingyut holidays. Especially during this period, it is more likely to see many foreign travellers visiting here. Currently, among the three balloon companies, one is already providing services to both local and foreign tourists this open season,” said Daw San San Myint, assistant director of the directorate.
The hot air balloon was first invented in 1782, and in Myanmar, U Kyaw Yin was the first person to ride a balloon in 1929. As the global tourism industry developed, hot air ballooning replaced traditional balloons, becoming a popular way to appreciate the world’s natural beauty. Travellers from China, Japan, the US, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Korea are especially fond of such experiences.
In the Bagan Ancient Cultural Heritage Zone, which covers 19 square miles, there are 3,822 temples, stupas, and pagodas. Tourists particularly enjoy viewing these golden monuments from the sky at sunrise, sunset, and during the cool winter mornings, when the Ayeyawady River, misty fields, and green landscapes decorated with natural beauty offer a breathtaking aerial experience. — Nyein Thu (MNA)/KTZH
GNLM
In the global tourism industry, hot air balloon service has been introduced, and travellers around the world have increasingly come to prefer enjoying the beauty of nature from the sky. In Myanmar, during the open season, visitors will be able to ride hot air balloons to observe and explore the natural beauty of the Bagan cultural zone, and three balloon companies will provide service during this year’s travel season, according to the Directorate of Hotels and Tourism.
During this year’s travel season, both local and foreign visitors will be able to enjoy the natural beauty of the Bagan region from above by taking hot air balloon rides operated by Balloons Over Bagan, Oriental Ballooning Myanmar, and STT Ballooning. Balloons Over Bagan has already begun its operation on 18 October and will continue offering services until April 2026. Oriental Ballooning Myanmar will start flying on 18 November until March 2026, while STT Ballooning will begin operations in the first week of November and continue until February 2026.
Each of the three companies will offer services at a rate of US$170–175 per person (approximately K 3,800–3,900 per dollar). At present, Balloons Over Bagan, which is operating two balloons this month, has already received over 600 bookings from both local and foreign travellers for this season.
“Bagan cultural zone is well-known around the world. What makes it even more famous is that, during the dry season, visitors can enjoy the natural beauty of Bagan from the sky through these hot air balloon rides. We expect a significant arrival of both local and international travellers as Bagan is such a charming and globally competitive destination. Starting from the third week of this month, visitors have already begun enjoying the scenic aerial views of Bagan. We also expect more tourists during the Tazaungdine holidays, like the Thadingyut holidays. Especially during this period, it is more likely to see many foreign travellers visiting here. Currently, among the three balloon companies, one is already providing services to both local and foreign tourists this open season,” said Daw San San Myint, assistant director of the directorate.
The hot air balloon was first invented in 1782, and in Myanmar, U Kyaw Yin was the first person to ride a balloon in 1929. As the global tourism industry developed, hot air ballooning replaced traditional balloons, becoming a popular way to appreciate the world’s natural beauty. Travellers from China, Japan, the US, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Korea are especially fond of such experiences.
In the Bagan Ancient Cultural Heritage Zone, which covers 19 square miles, there are 3,822 temples, stupas, and pagodas. Tourists particularly enjoy viewing these golden monuments from the sky at sunrise, sunset, and during the cool winter mornings, when the Ayeyawady River, misty fields, and green landscapes decorated with natural beauty offer a breathtaking aerial experience. — Nyein Thu (MNA)/KTZH
GNLM
The government and the entire people are striving not only to cultivate intelligence and knowledge but also to nurture refined and cultured new generations. In this effort, holding the Traditional Myanmar Cultural Performing Arts Competition not only promotes the development of Myanmar arts but also allows the world to witness the unique and meaningful richness of Myanmar’s artistic heritage.
When assessing the prestige and standing of a nation or a people, a key factor is how well that nation or people has been able to preserve and safeguard its fine arts and cultural heritage over time, and how faithfully it can present its traditions without losing their original essence. In Myanmar, the fine arts and cultural disciplines that have flourished over many centuries continue to endure today, remaining strong and well-preserved while being showcased in their original form.
It is a source of pride and satisfaction that Myanmar’s cultural heritage has endured and flourished over time due to the respect and value placed upon it. The 26th Performing Arts Competitions also include the traditional cultures of various ethnic groups. At the national level, these competitions have served to ensure that Myanmar’s cultural heritage is preserved over the years, to nurture new generations of youth, and to instil appreciation and care for cultural treasures and national identity.
The ability of a nation to showcase its continuous cultural heritage plays a crucial role in keeping the patriotism and ethnic pride of its people alive and strong. In the present era, as rapid modernization brings the influence of foreign cultures, it has become increasingly important for citizens to value, preserve, and honour their own country and cultural traditions. The influx of foreign cultural influences has, in particular, led to a noticeable decline among young people in respect and appreciation for their own nation and ethnic heritage, while they may place greater admiration on foreign cultures.
In such times, the preservation and promotion of one’s own country and cultural heritage are vital. The Traditional Myanmar Cultural Performing Arts Competition in singing, dancing, literature, and musical performance – held and safeguarded continuously by successive governments – serve both to preserve and to revive Myanmar’s cultural traditions. Citizens who love and value their country and people should also support and promote these traditional cultural competitions. Since their inception in 1993, these competitions have been held annually without interruption, and this year marks the 26th edition of the event.
It is a source of pride and satisfaction that Myanmar’s cultural heritage has endured and flourished over time due to the respect and value placed upon it. The 26th Performing Arts Competitions also include the traditional cultures of various ethnic groups. At the national level, these competitions have served to ensure that Myanmar’s cultural heritage is preserved over the years, to nurture new generations of youth, and to instil appreciation and care for cultural treasures and national identity.
GNLM
The government and the entire people are striving not only to cultivate intelligence and knowledge but also to nurture refined and cultured new generations. In this effort, holding the Traditional Myanmar Cultural Performing Arts Competition not only promotes the development of Myanmar arts but also allows the world to witness the unique and meaningful richness of Myanmar’s artistic heritage.
When assessing the prestige and standing of a nation or a people, a key factor is how well that nation or people has been able to preserve and safeguard its fine arts and cultural heritage over time, and how faithfully it can present its traditions without losing their original essence. In Myanmar, the fine arts and cultural disciplines that have flourished over many centuries continue to endure today, remaining strong and well-preserved while being showcased in their original form.
It is a source of pride and satisfaction that Myanmar’s cultural heritage has endured and flourished over time due to the respect and value placed upon it. The 26th Performing Arts Competitions also include the traditional cultures of various ethnic groups. At the national level, these competitions have served to ensure that Myanmar’s cultural heritage is preserved over the years, to nurture new generations of youth, and to instil appreciation and care for cultural treasures and national identity.
The ability of a nation to showcase its continuous cultural heritage plays a crucial role in keeping the patriotism and ethnic pride of its people alive and strong. In the present era, as rapid modernization brings the influence of foreign cultures, it has become increasingly important for citizens to value, preserve, and honour their own country and cultural traditions. The influx of foreign cultural influences has, in particular, led to a noticeable decline among young people in respect and appreciation for their own nation and ethnic heritage, while they may place greater admiration on foreign cultures.
In such times, the preservation and promotion of one’s own country and cultural heritage are vital. The Traditional Myanmar Cultural Performing Arts Competition in singing, dancing, literature, and musical performance – held and safeguarded continuously by successive governments – serve both to preserve and to revive Myanmar’s cultural traditions. Citizens who love and value their country and people should also support and promote these traditional cultural competitions. Since their inception in 1993, these competitions have been held annually without interruption, and this year marks the 26th edition of the event.
It is a source of pride and satisfaction that Myanmar’s cultural heritage has endured and flourished over time due to the respect and value placed upon it. The 26th Performing Arts Competitions also include the traditional cultures of various ethnic groups. At the national level, these competitions have served to ensure that Myanmar’s cultural heritage is preserved over the years, to nurture new generations of youth, and to instil appreciation and care for cultural treasures and national identity.
GNLM
The possession of a country’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage enhances its image and stature in the international community. These cultural heritages serve as evidence of the country’s historical development and enduring identity. These valuable assets, indeed, must be preserved to ensure their long-term existence for future generations.
All countries around the world possess various cultural heritages, including cultural, natural, and religious works. If these heritages are lost for any reason, they cannot be replaced. Therefore, current generations must continuously preserve these heritages, regardless of who created or built them. To be able to do so, UNESCO supports the preservation of ancient tangible and intangible cultural heritages, as these sites are judged to contain cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.
World heritage is an important part of the world. Remarkable landmarks, objects, traditions, customs, and other evidence constitute the cultural and natural heritage of nations, creating links between the past, present, and future of their citizens. Therefore, no one should engage in the destruction of heritage sites, so as not to lose the historical evidence of a country.
According to UNESCO, as of July 2025, a total of 1,248 World Heritage Sites have been designated across 170 countries and regions. These include 972 cultural sites, 235 natural sites, and 41 mixed properties. As of October 2024, 196 State Parties have ratified the World Heritage Convention. World Heritage Sites may include ancient ruins, historical structures, buildings, cities, deserts, forests, islands, lakes, monuments, mountains, wilderness areas, and other significant sites.
Myanmar has been preserving ancient Pyu city states, including Hanlin, Beikthano, and Sri Ksetra, as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2014, and the Bagan Ancient Cultural Region, with its monuments, since 2019. Furthermore, Myanmar’s traditional Atar Thingyan water festival has been recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage. Currently, Myanmar is seeking UNESCO recognition for Thanakha and tea as part of its cultural heritage.
Being listed as a World Heritage Site enhances the image of the country concerned and brings numerous reciprocal benefits. It also provides international recognition and official protection. However, it should be noted that armed conflicts, wars, natural disasters, pollution, and uncontrolled urban expansion can put a cultural heritage site at risk of being added to the list of endangered World Heritage Sites. According to records, more than one hundred World Heritage Sites have been damaged due to human activities.
World heritage is an important part of the world. Remarkable landmarks, objects, traditions, customs, and other evidence constitute the cultural and natural heritage of nations, creating links between the past, present, and future of their citizens. Therefore, no one should engage in the destruction of heritage sites, so as not to lose the historical evidence of a country.
The possession of a country’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage enhances its image and stature in the international community. These cultural heritages serve as evidence of the country’s historical development and enduring identity. These valuable assets, indeed, must be preserved to ensure their long-term existence for future generations.
All countries around the world possess various cultural heritages, including cultural, natural, and religious works. If these heritages are lost for any reason, they cannot be replaced. Therefore, current generations must continuously preserve these heritages, regardless of who created or built them. To be able to do so, UNESCO supports the preservation of ancient tangible and intangible cultural heritages, as these sites are judged to contain cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.
World heritage is an important part of the world. Remarkable landmarks, objects, traditions, customs, and other evidence constitute the cultural and natural heritage of nations, creating links between the past, present, and future of their citizens. Therefore, no one should engage in the destruction of heritage sites, so as not to lose the historical evidence of a country.
According to UNESCO, as of July 2025, a total of 1,248 World Heritage Sites have been designated across 170 countries and regions. These include 972 cultural sites, 235 natural sites, and 41 mixed properties. As of October 2024, 196 State Parties have ratified the World Heritage Convention. World Heritage Sites may include ancient ruins, historical structures, buildings, cities, deserts, forests, islands, lakes, monuments, mountains, wilderness areas, and other significant sites.
Myanmar has been preserving ancient Pyu city states, including Hanlin, Beikthano, and Sri Ksetra, as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2014, and the Bagan Ancient Cultural Region, with its monuments, since 2019. Furthermore, Myanmar’s traditional Atar Thingyan water festival has been recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage. Currently, Myanmar is seeking UNESCO recognition for Thanakha and tea as part of its cultural heritage.
Being listed as a World Heritage Site enhances the image of the country concerned and brings numerous reciprocal benefits. It also provides international recognition and official protection. However, it should be noted that armed conflicts, wars, natural disasters, pollution, and uncontrolled urban expansion can put a cultural heritage site at risk of being added to the list of endangered World Heritage Sites. According to records, more than one hundred World Heritage Sites have been damaged due to human activities.
World heritage is an important part of the world. Remarkable landmarks, objects, traditions, customs, and other evidence constitute the cultural and natural heritage of nations, creating links between the past, present, and future of their citizens. Therefore, no one should engage in the destruction of heritage sites, so as not to lose the historical evidence of a country.
The Myanmar Photographic Society, in accordance with the motto “Let the world recognize us through the art of photography,” continues to participate in international photography competitions and exhibitions. Meanwhile, foreign countries tend to show special interest in artistic photographs that portray the natural beauty of traditional culture and rural landscapes, rather than those created using advanced technological methods.
The Myanmar Photographic Society has its motto “Let the world recognize us through the art of photography” for a long time. Last month, Myanmar, South Africa, and Indonesia submitted nature photographs to FIAP as part of a competition. There are also many other international competitions. In October, the Myanmar Photographic Society will attend a cultural photography exhibition in China. Countries around the world usually give awards to photos that show culture and tradition, more than the photos taken with modern technology, like underwater or aerial shots. For example, they are very interested in photos of Bagan pagodas and the Thingyan Water Festival. The Myanmar Photographic Society is always trying to show the world Myanmar’s natural beauty, ancient culture, and traditional customs,” said U Than Tun Oo, chairman of the society.
The Myanmar Photographic Society is a member of FIAP (The International Federation of Photographic Art), comprising over 100 member states, and it organized the 1st Myanmar International Photography Salon in 2018. It competes in international photo exhibitions and competitions every year, and it highlights the natural beauty, culture and traditions of ethnic people, and there are fewer photo submissions in the underwater and aerial photography categories, as they require expensive technology.
“I am currently photographing and documenting the lives and lifestyles of the Salon people. We can say it is a detailed documentary of a specific ethnic group. Underwater photography usually draws international interest. However, when it comes to artistic recognition, the conceptual photography category often gets more attention. Underwater photography is great for adventure and exploration. As for me, as I live near the sea, I enjoy both types of photography,” said photographer Ko Pyi Soe Tun (artist).
The Myanmar Photographic Society was established as Rangoon Photographic Society on 21 November 1950. In 1955, it changed to the Myanmar Photographic Society and opened an office at the lower block of 35th Street in Yangon in 1963. It celebrated its 50th anniversary event, and marked its 75th anniversary with the 58th Myanmar National Photography Art Exhibition. This year, the exhibition was held from 13 to 16 March at Sule Square. — Thitsa (MNA)/KTZH
Source: GNLM
The Myanmar Photographic Society, in accordance with the motto “Let the world recognize us through the art of photography,” continues to participate in international photography competitions and exhibitions. Meanwhile, foreign countries tend to show special interest in artistic photographs that portray the natural beauty of traditional culture and rural landscapes, rather than those created using advanced technological methods.
The Myanmar Photographic Society has its motto “Let the world recognize us through the art of photography” for a long time. Last month, Myanmar, South Africa, and Indonesia submitted nature photographs to FIAP as part of a competition. There are also many other international competitions. In October, the Myanmar Photographic Society will attend a cultural photography exhibition in China. Countries around the world usually give awards to photos that show culture and tradition, more than the photos taken with modern technology, like underwater or aerial shots. For example, they are very interested in photos of Bagan pagodas and the Thingyan Water Festival. The Myanmar Photographic Society is always trying to show the world Myanmar’s natural beauty, ancient culture, and traditional customs,” said U Than Tun Oo, chairman of the society.
The Myanmar Photographic Society is a member of FIAP (The International Federation of Photographic Art), comprising over 100 member states, and it organized the 1st Myanmar International Photography Salon in 2018. It competes in international photo exhibitions and competitions every year, and it highlights the natural beauty, culture and traditions of ethnic people, and there are fewer photo submissions in the underwater and aerial photography categories, as they require expensive technology.
“I am currently photographing and documenting the lives and lifestyles of the Salon people. We can say it is a detailed documentary of a specific ethnic group. Underwater photography usually draws international interest. However, when it comes to artistic recognition, the conceptual photography category often gets more attention. Underwater photography is great for adventure and exploration. As for me, as I live near the sea, I enjoy both types of photography,” said photographer Ko Pyi Soe Tun (artist).
The Myanmar Photographic Society was established as Rangoon Photographic Society on 21 November 1950. In 1955, it changed to the Myanmar Photographic Society and opened an office at the lower block of 35th Street in Yangon in 1963. It celebrated its 50th anniversary event, and marked its 75th anniversary with the 58th Myanmar National Photography Art Exhibition. This year, the exhibition was held from 13 to 16 March at Sule Square. — Thitsa (MNA)/KTZH
Source: GNLM
A village in the middle part of Myanmar has become famous for its children who preserve the traditional San-yit-wine hairstyle (a style of hairdo with a top knot and a circular fringe). Children in this village, both boys and girls, traditionally keep this hairstyle.
The village is called Yepotegyi, located in Pwintbyu township of Magway Region. It is about a 20-minute drive, although the transportation was in bad condition in the past. When a person hears Yepotegyi village, they automatically know the San-yit-wine hairstyle. There are about 700 people who wear that hairstyle. All the children, both boys and girls, wear that hairstyle, and the hairstyle for girls is called San-yit-wine and the Yaung-pay-sue for boys, said the villagers.
“ In our village, the infants have a hairstyle called Usunphoke on their heads. This hairstyle symbolizes that the child is still at an age when they shelter in their mother’s arms. When the children reach the age of three or four, they wear a Kyet-taung-see hairstyle that proves that they have grown from the breastfeeding stage, and are now old enough to walk and play on their own,” said Ma Pyone Pyone Yi, the leader of women in the village.
“When they are nine or ten years old, the Kyet-taung-see hair becomes long and girls make a hair knot on their heads, while the boys make a Yaung-pay-sue hairstyle. It shows that they are old enough to go to school.”
“When the girls are 15 or 16 years old, they wear a Japanese Hsahtauk hairstyle. Such a hairstyle shows that the girls have passed their childhood stage and entered their virginity, and it can also distinguish between the virgins and married ones,” she added.
“When they are 17 or 18, they change to keep hairstyle of curving hair. It means the girls reach the age of puberty, and anyone can make a proposal to her. Such a hairstyle symbolizes the words that they do not want to say in person. The married women remove the San-yit-wine, and it means they are married and no one can propose to them. My grandmother told me like that,” she said.
She continued, “When I visited the other villages, some teased me like I was wearing chicken litter or cow litter on my head. Therefore, I don’t want to have such a hairstyle. I also told my parents that I did not want to have such a hairstyle anymore. At that time, my grandmother told me that it was our traditional San-yit-wine conserved since your ancestors. Then, I understand it well.”
Therefore, valuing the traditional culture is a sign of love for people. Loving people is for the country, and so all should conserve the tradition and culture for the youths, the country and the races. — Zeyar Naing (Shwe Kan Myay)/KTZH
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
A village in the middle part of Myanmar has become famous for its children who preserve the traditional San-yit-wine hairstyle (a style of hairdo with a top knot and a circular fringe). Children in this village, both boys and girls, traditionally keep this hairstyle.
The village is called Yepotegyi, located in Pwintbyu township of Magway Region. It is about a 20-minute drive, although the transportation was in bad condition in the past. When a person hears Yepotegyi village, they automatically know the San-yit-wine hairstyle. There are about 700 people who wear that hairstyle. All the children, both boys and girls, wear that hairstyle, and the hairstyle for girls is called San-yit-wine and the Yaung-pay-sue for boys, said the villagers.
“ In our village, the infants have a hairstyle called Usunphoke on their heads. This hairstyle symbolizes that the child is still at an age when they shelter in their mother’s arms. When the children reach the age of three or four, they wear a Kyet-taung-see hairstyle that proves that they have grown from the breastfeeding stage, and are now old enough to walk and play on their own,” said Ma Pyone Pyone Yi, the leader of women in the village.
“When they are nine or ten years old, the Kyet-taung-see hair becomes long and girls make a hair knot on their heads, while the boys make a Yaung-pay-sue hairstyle. It shows that they are old enough to go to school.”
“When the girls are 15 or 16 years old, they wear a Japanese Hsahtauk hairstyle. Such a hairstyle shows that the girls have passed their childhood stage and entered their virginity, and it can also distinguish between the virgins and married ones,” she added.
“When they are 17 or 18, they change to keep hairstyle of curving hair. It means the girls reach the age of puberty, and anyone can make a proposal to her. Such a hairstyle symbolizes the words that they do not want to say in person. The married women remove the San-yit-wine, and it means they are married and no one can propose to them. My grandmother told me like that,” she said.
She continued, “When I visited the other villages, some teased me like I was wearing chicken litter or cow litter on my head. Therefore, I don’t want to have such a hairstyle. I also told my parents that I did not want to have such a hairstyle anymore. At that time, my grandmother told me that it was our traditional San-yit-wine conserved since your ancestors. Then, I understand it well.”
Therefore, valuing the traditional culture is a sign of love for people. Loving people is for the country, and so all should conserve the tradition and culture for the youths, the country and the races. — Zeyar Naing (Shwe Kan Myay)/KTZH
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
The Pyu era, spanning from the 2nd century BCE to the 9th century CE, was a golden age in Myanmar’s history, marked by the rise and prosperity of the Pyu city-states. These early civilizations, flourishing in present-day central Myanmar, were not only pioneers of urban culture but also masterful creators of art, particularly in sculpture. The artistic legacy of the Pyu offers a fascinating glimpse into their religious devotion, societal structure, and aesthetic sensibilities.
Myanmar took great strides to secure international recognition for its three ancient Pyu cities—Halin, Beikthano (Vishnu), and Sriksetra—culminating in their designation as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among them, Sriksetra stands as the heart of Pyu artistic expression, where a remarkable collection of sculptures and architectural wonders still whisper the stories of a bygone era. With the arrival of Buddhism, artistic production in the Pyu cities flourished, leaving behind an enduring visual culture that reflects their deep spiritual beliefs.
This study delves into the different types of Pyu pagodas, aiming to preserve the historical significance of these ancient structures for future generations. A descriptive approach is used to illustrate the forms of Pyu-era pagodas, while an analytical method is employed to classify their distinctive architectural styles, particularly those found in Sriksetra. The pagodas and stupas of the Pyu period, scattered across the ancient landscape, exhibit diverse designs—cylindrical stupas, round stupas, and temple structures—all of which have been meticulously examined in this research.
By tracing the evolution of Pyu pagodas, we uncover their deep-rooted influence on the architectural marvels of the later Bagan era. These early masterpieces serve as the precursors of Myanmar’s grand pagodas, bridging the artistic heritage of the Pyu civilization with the timeless elegance of Bagan’s temple city. Through this exploration, we reaffirm the enduring significance of Pyu art and architecture, ensuring their legacy continues to inspire and captivate generations to come.
Influences and Themes
The Pyu sculptural tradition was deeply influenced by Indian art, particularly from the Gupta and post-Gupta periods. Buddhism played a central role in Pyu society, which is reflected in their sculptures' predominant themes. Statues of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and various deities were commonly created, often displaying characteristics of early Southeast Asian Buddhist art. Hindu influences were also present, as seen in sculptures depicting Vishnu, Shiva, and other Hindu deities.
Materials and Techniques
Pyu sculptors primarily worked with stone, bronze, and terracotta. Stone sculptures, often crafted from sandstone, were used to create large statues and relief carvings found in temples and stupas. Bronze casting was another prominent technique, used to produce intricate Buddha images and ritual objects. Terracotta plaques adorned temple walls, featuring scenes from Jataka tales and other religious motifs.
Iconography and Styles
Pyu sculptures exhibit a blend of indigenous and foreign styles. The Buddha statues from this era are characterized by serene expressions, elongated earlobes, and draped robes, reflecting Indian artistic traditions. Some sculptures display stylistic similarities with the Amaravati and Gupta schools of art, evident in the soft modeling of figures and elegant poses. However, local adaptations can be observed, particularly in facial features and decorative elements, which distinguish Pyu art from its Indian counterparts.
Notable Discoveries
Significant archaeological findings related to Pyu sculpture art have been unearthed in ancient Pyu cities such as Beikthano, Halin, and Sri Ksetra. Bronze Buddha images, intricately carved stone reliefs, and terracotta votive tablets are among the most notable discoveries. These artifacts are now preserved in museums, including the National Museum of Myanmar, offering a glimpse into the artistic sophistication of the Pyu civilization.
Legacy and Influence
The artistic legacy of the Pyu era laid the foundation for later Burmese art, particularly in the Pagan (Bagan) period. Many stylistic elements introduced during the Pyu era continued to evolve, shaping the artistic traditions of Myanmar for centuries. The sculptures of this ancient civilization not only serve as a testament to their artistic prowess but also provide crucial historical and cultural insights into early Myanmar.
In conclusion, the sculpture art of the Pyu era represents a rich blend of indigenous creativity and external influences. As archaeological research continues, further discoveries may shed even more light on the artistic achievements of this fascinating period in Myanmar's history.
Reference - The Artistic Monuments of Pyu in Ancient Sriksetra by Khaing Khaing Saw
- https://www.metmuseum.org/
- https://www.originalbuddhas .com/
Source: Thawdar Eain (NP News)
The Pyu era, spanning from the 2nd century BCE to the 9th century CE, was a golden age in Myanmar’s history, marked by the rise and prosperity of the Pyu city-states. These early civilizations, flourishing in present-day central Myanmar, were not only pioneers of urban culture but also masterful creators of art, particularly in sculpture. The artistic legacy of the Pyu offers a fascinating glimpse into their religious devotion, societal structure, and aesthetic sensibilities.
Myanmar took great strides to secure international recognition for its three ancient Pyu cities—Halin, Beikthano (Vishnu), and Sriksetra—culminating in their designation as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among them, Sriksetra stands as the heart of Pyu artistic expression, where a remarkable collection of sculptures and architectural wonders still whisper the stories of a bygone era. With the arrival of Buddhism, artistic production in the Pyu cities flourished, leaving behind an enduring visual culture that reflects their deep spiritual beliefs.
This study delves into the different types of Pyu pagodas, aiming to preserve the historical significance of these ancient structures for future generations. A descriptive approach is used to illustrate the forms of Pyu-era pagodas, while an analytical method is employed to classify their distinctive architectural styles, particularly those found in Sriksetra. The pagodas and stupas of the Pyu period, scattered across the ancient landscape, exhibit diverse designs—cylindrical stupas, round stupas, and temple structures—all of which have been meticulously examined in this research.
By tracing the evolution of Pyu pagodas, we uncover their deep-rooted influence on the architectural marvels of the later Bagan era. These early masterpieces serve as the precursors of Myanmar’s grand pagodas, bridging the artistic heritage of the Pyu civilization with the timeless elegance of Bagan’s temple city. Through this exploration, we reaffirm the enduring significance of Pyu art and architecture, ensuring their legacy continues to inspire and captivate generations to come.
Influences and Themes
The Pyu sculptural tradition was deeply influenced by Indian art, particularly from the Gupta and post-Gupta periods. Buddhism played a central role in Pyu society, which is reflected in their sculptures' predominant themes. Statues of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and various deities were commonly created, often displaying characteristics of early Southeast Asian Buddhist art. Hindu influences were also present, as seen in sculptures depicting Vishnu, Shiva, and other Hindu deities.
Materials and Techniques
Pyu sculptors primarily worked with stone, bronze, and terracotta. Stone sculptures, often crafted from sandstone, were used to create large statues and relief carvings found in temples and stupas. Bronze casting was another prominent technique, used to produce intricate Buddha images and ritual objects. Terracotta plaques adorned temple walls, featuring scenes from Jataka tales and other religious motifs.
Iconography and Styles
Pyu sculptures exhibit a blend of indigenous and foreign styles. The Buddha statues from this era are characterized by serene expressions, elongated earlobes, and draped robes, reflecting Indian artistic traditions. Some sculptures display stylistic similarities with the Amaravati and Gupta schools of art, evident in the soft modeling of figures and elegant poses. However, local adaptations can be observed, particularly in facial features and decorative elements, which distinguish Pyu art from its Indian counterparts.
Notable Discoveries
Significant archaeological findings related to Pyu sculpture art have been unearthed in ancient Pyu cities such as Beikthano, Halin, and Sri Ksetra. Bronze Buddha images, intricately carved stone reliefs, and terracotta votive tablets are among the most notable discoveries. These artifacts are now preserved in museums, including the National Museum of Myanmar, offering a glimpse into the artistic sophistication of the Pyu civilization.
Legacy and Influence
The artistic legacy of the Pyu era laid the foundation for later Burmese art, particularly in the Pagan (Bagan) period. Many stylistic elements introduced during the Pyu era continued to evolve, shaping the artistic traditions of Myanmar for centuries. The sculptures of this ancient civilization not only serve as a testament to their artistic prowess but also provide crucial historical and cultural insights into early Myanmar.
In conclusion, the sculpture art of the Pyu era represents a rich blend of indigenous creativity and external influences. As archaeological research continues, further discoveries may shed even more light on the artistic achievements of this fascinating period in Myanmar's history.
Reference - The Artistic Monuments of Pyu in Ancient Sriksetra by Khaing Khaing Saw
- https://www.metmuseum.org/
- https://www.originalbuddhas .com/
Source: Thawdar Eain (NP News)
Thanks to the centuries-long shared border and close historical ties, Myanmar and India share numerous cultural and traditional similarities. The connection between Myanmar meditation practices and Indian yoga stems from their shared roots in ancient Indian spiritual traditions, both emphasizing self-discipline, mindfulness, and inner peace. Both practices are deeply rooted in similar philosophical and spiritual frameworks that originated in the Indian subcontinent and subsequently spread throughout parts of Asia, including Myanmar.
Meditation has long been an integral part of Myanmar's cultural and spiritual heritage. Deeply rooted in Theravada Buddhism, meditation offers numerous mental, physical, and emotional benefits, carrying centuries of profound historical significance.
Yoga, originating in ancient India over 5,000 years ago, is deeply intertwined with Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture. In today's fast-paced world, our modern lifestyle and approach to healing often lead to an accumulation of micro-assaults on our immune systems without adequate time for our bodies to recover. This is where the ancient yet simple practices of yoga can be invaluable in boosting immunity and promoting a healthier life.
Shared Origins in Philosophy
Indian Roots: Both yoga and meditation practices in Myanmar share roots in ancient Indian spiritual traditions, notably Hinduism and Buddhism. Yoga evolved as a system for self-realization during the Vedic period, while meditation practices gained prominence with the rise of Buddhism.
Buddhism as a Bridge: Meditation in Myanmar is deeply influenced by Theravada Buddhism, which originated in India and subsequently spread to Southeast Asia. Buddha himself emphasized mindfulness and meditation, principles that resonate deeply with the meditative aspects of yoga.
Both yoga and Myanmar meditation emphasize cultivating mindfulness and deep inner awareness. In yoga, mindfulness is developed through postures, breath control, and meditation, fostering a connection between the body and mind. Similarly, Myanmar meditation practices, such as Vipassana (insight meditation), center on observing the present moment with clarity and understanding the true nature of reality.
Both practices share the ultimate goal of transcending worldly distractions, deepening self-awareness, and attaining inner peace and liberation.
Benefits
Mental Clarity and Focus: Meditation cultivates mindfulness, allowing practitioners to remain present and focused. This heightened awareness enhances decision-making and reduces mental clutter.
Stress Reduction: Regular meditation calms the mind and reduces stress by activating the body's relaxation response. This is particularly valuable in today's fast-paced world.
Emotional Resilience: Meditation fosters emotional balance, helping individuals manage negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and fear. Over time, practitioners experience greater patience and compassion.
Physical Health: Scientific studies demonstrate that meditation can lower blood pressure, improve sleep quality, and boost the immune system. It also promotes overall well-being by mitigating the impact of chronic stress.
Spiritual Growth: For many in Myanmar, meditation is a path to spiritual awakening and liberation (Nivana). It deepens understanding of the impermanent nature of life and cultivates inner peace.
Yoga
Yoga, as a mind-body intervention, has been globally utilized to combat lifestyle-related diseases where stress is believed to play a significant role. By calming the mind and bringing stability and balance to vital energies, yoga helps modulate the immune response appropriately. Studies have shown that yoga can improve immunity, even during influenza epidemics.
Rooted in Indian traditions and culture, yoga is a system of holistic living that emphasizes the development of one's inherent power in a balanced manner. Today, it is widely practiced as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. Yoga's global popularity stems from its spiritual values, therapeutic credentials, its role in disease prevention, its promotion of health, and its effectiveness in managing lifestyle-related disorders.
Ethical Principles and Spiritual Goals
Yogic Philosophy: The eightfold path of yoga, emphasizing Strength, Awareness, and Flexibility, posits that regular yoga practice can lead to increased muscle and bone strength, improved sleep, better stress management and resilience, a strengthened immune system, and enhanced brain health.
Buddhist Teachings: Myanmar meditation practices are grounded in the Eightfold Path taught by the Buddha, emphasizing right mindfulness, right concentration, and right effort, principles that align closely with yogic ideals.
Practical Techniques
Both traditions incorporate techniques to quiet the mind and access deeper states of meditation. In yoga, this is achieved through cultivating a state of abiding calm, while in Myanmar meditation, this is often done through techniques like mindfulness of breathing. The practice of focusing on the breath is central to both traditions, serving as a crucial tool for calming the mind and developing concentration.
Spiritual Liberation
Both yoga and meditation ultimately aim for liberation. In yoga, the goal is freedom from the cycle of birth and death, often described as union with the divine. In meditation, the goal is the cessation of suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. These goals reflect a shared vision of transcending the limitations of human existence and achieving a higher state of consciousness.
Modern Interconnections
With globalization, yoga and meditation have become increasingly intertwined. Myanmar meditation masters like Mahasi Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw have popularized vipassana meditation worldwide, often integrated into yoga retreats. Indian yoga gurus and Buddhist meditation teachers share mutual respect for each other's traditions, recognizing their complementary benefits for physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
Buddhism, a significant influence on Myanmar meditation practices, also shaped aspects of yoga, particularly its meditative and ethical components. As Buddhism spread from India to Myanmar, it carried forward techniques of mindfulness and concentration that complement yoga.
Conclusion
In essence, both yoga and Myanmar meditation serve as profound paths to cultivating mindfulness, inner awareness, and overall well-being. Rooted in ethical principles and spiritual wisdom, these practices promote mental clarity, emotional resilience, and physical health while guiding practitioners toward a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. Through structured techniques such as breath control, postures, and meditative focus, yoga and Myanmar meditation foster inner peace, balance, and self-discipline. As holistic disciplines, they not only help individuals navigate modern challenges with greater ease but also encourage a journey toward spiritual growth and enlightenment. By integrating these ancient traditions into daily life, practitioners can experience a harmonious connection between mind, body, and spirit, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence.
References:
• Teachings of Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw
•Teachings of Venerable Ledi Sayadaw
•Embassy of India, Yangon, Myanmar
• Practitioners of the Vipassana Group
Source: Thawdar Eain (NP News)
Thanks to the centuries-long shared border and close historical ties, Myanmar and India share numerous cultural and traditional similarities. The connection between Myanmar meditation practices and Indian yoga stems from their shared roots in ancient Indian spiritual traditions, both emphasizing self-discipline, mindfulness, and inner peace. Both practices are deeply rooted in similar philosophical and spiritual frameworks that originated in the Indian subcontinent and subsequently spread throughout parts of Asia, including Myanmar.
Meditation has long been an integral part of Myanmar's cultural and spiritual heritage. Deeply rooted in Theravada Buddhism, meditation offers numerous mental, physical, and emotional benefits, carrying centuries of profound historical significance.
Yoga, originating in ancient India over 5,000 years ago, is deeply intertwined with Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture. In today's fast-paced world, our modern lifestyle and approach to healing often lead to an accumulation of micro-assaults on our immune systems without adequate time for our bodies to recover. This is where the ancient yet simple practices of yoga can be invaluable in boosting immunity and promoting a healthier life.
Shared Origins in Philosophy
Indian Roots: Both yoga and meditation practices in Myanmar share roots in ancient Indian spiritual traditions, notably Hinduism and Buddhism. Yoga evolved as a system for self-realization during the Vedic period, while meditation practices gained prominence with the rise of Buddhism.
Buddhism as a Bridge: Meditation in Myanmar is deeply influenced by Theravada Buddhism, which originated in India and subsequently spread to Southeast Asia. Buddha himself emphasized mindfulness and meditation, principles that resonate deeply with the meditative aspects of yoga.
Both yoga and Myanmar meditation emphasize cultivating mindfulness and deep inner awareness. In yoga, mindfulness is developed through postures, breath control, and meditation, fostering a connection between the body and mind. Similarly, Myanmar meditation practices, such as Vipassana (insight meditation), center on observing the present moment with clarity and understanding the true nature of reality.
Both practices share the ultimate goal of transcending worldly distractions, deepening self-awareness, and attaining inner peace and liberation.
Benefits
Mental Clarity and Focus: Meditation cultivates mindfulness, allowing practitioners to remain present and focused. This heightened awareness enhances decision-making and reduces mental clutter.
Stress Reduction: Regular meditation calms the mind and reduces stress by activating the body's relaxation response. This is particularly valuable in today's fast-paced world.
Emotional Resilience: Meditation fosters emotional balance, helping individuals manage negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and fear. Over time, practitioners experience greater patience and compassion.
Physical Health: Scientific studies demonstrate that meditation can lower blood pressure, improve sleep quality, and boost the immune system. It also promotes overall well-being by mitigating the impact of chronic stress.
Spiritual Growth: For many in Myanmar, meditation is a path to spiritual awakening and liberation (Nivana). It deepens understanding of the impermanent nature of life and cultivates inner peace.
Yoga
Yoga, as a mind-body intervention, has been globally utilized to combat lifestyle-related diseases where stress is believed to play a significant role. By calming the mind and bringing stability and balance to vital energies, yoga helps modulate the immune response appropriately. Studies have shown that yoga can improve immunity, even during influenza epidemics.
Rooted in Indian traditions and culture, yoga is a system of holistic living that emphasizes the development of one's inherent power in a balanced manner. Today, it is widely practiced as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. Yoga's global popularity stems from its spiritual values, therapeutic credentials, its role in disease prevention, its promotion of health, and its effectiveness in managing lifestyle-related disorders.
Ethical Principles and Spiritual Goals
Yogic Philosophy: The eightfold path of yoga, emphasizing Strength, Awareness, and Flexibility, posits that regular yoga practice can lead to increased muscle and bone strength, improved sleep, better stress management and resilience, a strengthened immune system, and enhanced brain health.
Buddhist Teachings: Myanmar meditation practices are grounded in the Eightfold Path taught by the Buddha, emphasizing right mindfulness, right concentration, and right effort, principles that align closely with yogic ideals.
Practical Techniques
Both traditions incorporate techniques to quiet the mind and access deeper states of meditation. In yoga, this is achieved through cultivating a state of abiding calm, while in Myanmar meditation, this is often done through techniques like mindfulness of breathing. The practice of focusing on the breath is central to both traditions, serving as a crucial tool for calming the mind and developing concentration.
Spiritual Liberation
Both yoga and meditation ultimately aim for liberation. In yoga, the goal is freedom from the cycle of birth and death, often described as union with the divine. In meditation, the goal is the cessation of suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. These goals reflect a shared vision of transcending the limitations of human existence and achieving a higher state of consciousness.
Modern Interconnections
With globalization, yoga and meditation have become increasingly intertwined. Myanmar meditation masters like Mahasi Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw have popularized vipassana meditation worldwide, often integrated into yoga retreats. Indian yoga gurus and Buddhist meditation teachers share mutual respect for each other's traditions, recognizing their complementary benefits for physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
Buddhism, a significant influence on Myanmar meditation practices, also shaped aspects of yoga, particularly its meditative and ethical components. As Buddhism spread from India to Myanmar, it carried forward techniques of mindfulness and concentration that complement yoga.
Conclusion
In essence, both yoga and Myanmar meditation serve as profound paths to cultivating mindfulness, inner awareness, and overall well-being. Rooted in ethical principles and spiritual wisdom, these practices promote mental clarity, emotional resilience, and physical health while guiding practitioners toward a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. Through structured techniques such as breath control, postures, and meditative focus, yoga and Myanmar meditation foster inner peace, balance, and self-discipline. As holistic disciplines, they not only help individuals navigate modern challenges with greater ease but also encourage a journey toward spiritual growth and enlightenment. By integrating these ancient traditions into daily life, practitioners can experience a harmonious connection between mind, body, and spirit, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence.
References:
• Teachings of Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw
•Teachings of Venerable Ledi Sayadaw
•Embassy of India, Yangon, Myanmar
• Practitioners of the Vipassana Group
Source: Thawdar Eain (NP News)