As the sun rises over quiet streets in Myanmar, monks walk barefoot through neighbourhoods, their alms bowls cradled in silence, while households wait at doorways with rice and curry in their hands. This simple morning scene, repeated daily across towns and villages, captures the rhythm of life in Myanmar, where tradition is not preserved in museums but lived through ordinary actions. Daily life here is shaped by long-held customs, shared responsibilities, and deep respect for community and belief. Even as modernization introduces new habits and technologies, these traditions continue to guide how people eat, dress, work, celebrate, and relate to one another. To understand Myanmar, therefore, is to look closely at everyday life, where heritage and modernity exist side by side.
Morning Rituals and Community Bonds
In many towns and villages, the day begins with the sound of temple bells or the chants of monks collecting alms. The practice of ‘almsgiving’ is not only a religious duty but also a social bond: households prepare rice and curry to offer monks, reinforcing generosity and spiritual merit.
Tea shops, meanwhile, serve as the heartbeat of community life. From dawn until late evening, locals gather to sip sweet, milky tea or strong black brews, accompanied by snacks like Samusas or Mohinga (Myanmar’s beloved fish noodle soup). These tea shops are more than eateries – they are spaces for conversation, storytelling, and informal debate, reflecting the communal spirit of Myanmar society.
Food as Cultural Identity
Cuisine is central to daily life, with meals reflecting both regional diversity and shared traditions. ‘Mohinga’, often considered the national dish, is enjoyed at breakfast, while curries, salads, and fermented fish paste (Ngapi) dominate lunch and dinner tables. Food preparation is often communal, especially during festivals or ceremonies. Neighbours and relatives gather to cook large pots of rice and curries, reinforcing the value of ‘collective effort’. Traditional snacks like Mont lone yay paw (sticky rice balls served during the water festival) highlight how food is tied to seasonal celebrations and symbolic meanings.
Traditional Attire and Social Etiquette
Clothing in Myanmar reflects both practicality and cultural pride. The ‘Longyi’, a cylindrical piece of cloth worn by men and women, is versatile and comfortable in the tropical climate. Patterns and colours often signal regional identity or social occasions. Social etiquette is deeply rooted in respect. Elders are greeted with bowed heads and polite language, while shoes are removed before entering homes or religious sites. These gestures embody humility and reverence, values that permeate everyday interactions.
Festivals and Seasonal Rhythms
Myanmar’s calendar is punctuated by vibrant festivals that blend religious devotion with communal joy. The ‘Thingyan Water Festival’, marking the Burmese New Year, is perhaps the most famous. Streets transform into arenas of playful water-throwing, symbolizing purification and renewal. Families also prepare traditional foods and visit pagodas, reinforcing both spiritual and social ties.
Other festivals, such as Thadingyut (Festival of Lights) and Tazaungdine (celebrating the end of Buddhist Lent), illuminate towns with lanterns and candles. These events are not only religious observances but also opportunities for families to reunite, neighbours to collaborate, and communities to celebrate shared identity.
Work, Livelihoods, and Craft Traditions
Daily life is shaped by a that often blend tradition with necessity. In rural areas, farming remains central, with rice cultivation dominating the landscape. Farmers follow seasonal cycles, guided by ancestral knowledge of weather and soil. Craft traditions also thrive. From weaving silk longyis in Amarapura to carving intricate wood designs in Mandalay, artisans preserve skills passed down through generations. These crafts are not merely economic activities – they are cultural expressions that embody patience, artistry, and pride.
Religion and Spiritual Practices
Buddhism permeates daily life, influencing values, rituals, and community structures. Pagodas, large and small, dot the landscape, serving as focal points for meditation, merit-making, and festivals. Families often dedicate time to visiting pagodas, offering flowers, and lighting candles. Spiritual practices extend beyond Buddhism. In many regions, animist traditions coexist, with offerings made to Nats (spirits) believed to protect households and villages. This blend of beliefs reflects Myanmar’s cultural pluralism and resilience.
Family and Social Structures
Family remains the cornerstone of daily life. Extended families often live together, with grandparents playing active roles in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and decisions are often made collectively. Marriage ceremonies, funerals, and other life-cycle events are community affairs, where traditions guide rituals and reinforce social bonds. Even in urban areas, where nuclear families are more common, the sense of extended kinship remains strong.
Modern Influences and Adaptations
While tradition anchors daily life, modern influences are reshaping routines. Smartphones and social media connect people across distances, while urban youth experiment with global fashion alongside traditional Longyis. Education and migration also introduce new perspectives. Students in Yangon or Mandalay may balance traditional ceremonies with modern aspirations, reflecting the dynamic interplay between heritage and progress. Yet, even amid change, traditions remain resilient, adapting without losing their essence.
In Myanmar, tradition is not a distant memory but a living presence woven into daily routines. From early-morning almsgiving and lively tea shop conversations to festive water-throwing during Thingyan and quiet family meals at home, ordinary moments carry cultural meaning. These practices teach generosity, respect for elders, patience, and a strong sense of community. While modern influences are reshaping lifestyles, they have not erased these values; instead, traditions continue to adapt and endure. In a rapidly globalizing world, Myanmar’s daily life offers an important reminder that progress does not require the loss of identity. By honouring the past while embracing change, Myanmar shows how culture can remain alive – not frozen, but evolving – passed from one generation to the next through the simple acts of everyday living.
gnlm
As the sun rises over quiet streets in Myanmar, monks walk barefoot through neighbourhoods, their alms bowls cradled in silence, while households wait at doorways with rice and curry in their hands. This simple morning scene, repeated daily across towns and villages, captures the rhythm of life in Myanmar, where tradition is not preserved in museums but lived through ordinary actions. Daily life here is shaped by long-held customs, shared responsibilities, and deep respect for community and belief. Even as modernization introduces new habits and technologies, these traditions continue to guide how people eat, dress, work, celebrate, and relate to one another. To understand Myanmar, therefore, is to look closely at everyday life, where heritage and modernity exist side by side.
Morning Rituals and Community Bonds
In many towns and villages, the day begins with the sound of temple bells or the chants of monks collecting alms. The practice of ‘almsgiving’ is not only a religious duty but also a social bond: households prepare rice and curry to offer monks, reinforcing generosity and spiritual merit.
Tea shops, meanwhile, serve as the heartbeat of community life. From dawn until late evening, locals gather to sip sweet, milky tea or strong black brews, accompanied by snacks like Samusas or Mohinga (Myanmar’s beloved fish noodle soup). These tea shops are more than eateries – they are spaces for conversation, storytelling, and informal debate, reflecting the communal spirit of Myanmar society.
Food as Cultural Identity
Cuisine is central to daily life, with meals reflecting both regional diversity and shared traditions. ‘Mohinga’, often considered the national dish, is enjoyed at breakfast, while curries, salads, and fermented fish paste (Ngapi) dominate lunch and dinner tables. Food preparation is often communal, especially during festivals or ceremonies. Neighbours and relatives gather to cook large pots of rice and curries, reinforcing the value of ‘collective effort’. Traditional snacks like Mont lone yay paw (sticky rice balls served during the water festival) highlight how food is tied to seasonal celebrations and symbolic meanings.
Traditional Attire and Social Etiquette
Clothing in Myanmar reflects both practicality and cultural pride. The ‘Longyi’, a cylindrical piece of cloth worn by men and women, is versatile and comfortable in the tropical climate. Patterns and colours often signal regional identity or social occasions. Social etiquette is deeply rooted in respect. Elders are greeted with bowed heads and polite language, while shoes are removed before entering homes or religious sites. These gestures embody humility and reverence, values that permeate everyday interactions.
Festivals and Seasonal Rhythms
Myanmar’s calendar is punctuated by vibrant festivals that blend religious devotion with communal joy. The ‘Thingyan Water Festival’, marking the Burmese New Year, is perhaps the most famous. Streets transform into arenas of playful water-throwing, symbolizing purification and renewal. Families also prepare traditional foods and visit pagodas, reinforcing both spiritual and social ties.
Other festivals, such as Thadingyut (Festival of Lights) and Tazaungdine (celebrating the end of Buddhist Lent), illuminate towns with lanterns and candles. These events are not only religious observances but also opportunities for families to reunite, neighbours to collaborate, and communities to celebrate shared identity.
Work, Livelihoods, and Craft Traditions
Daily life is shaped by a that often blend tradition with necessity. In rural areas, farming remains central, with rice cultivation dominating the landscape. Farmers follow seasonal cycles, guided by ancestral knowledge of weather and soil. Craft traditions also thrive. From weaving silk longyis in Amarapura to carving intricate wood designs in Mandalay, artisans preserve skills passed down through generations. These crafts are not merely economic activities – they are cultural expressions that embody patience, artistry, and pride.
Religion and Spiritual Practices
Buddhism permeates daily life, influencing values, rituals, and community structures. Pagodas, large and small, dot the landscape, serving as focal points for meditation, merit-making, and festivals. Families often dedicate time to visiting pagodas, offering flowers, and lighting candles. Spiritual practices extend beyond Buddhism. In many regions, animist traditions coexist, with offerings made to Nats (spirits) believed to protect households and villages. This blend of beliefs reflects Myanmar’s cultural pluralism and resilience.
Family and Social Structures
Family remains the cornerstone of daily life. Extended families often live together, with grandparents playing active roles in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and decisions are often made collectively. Marriage ceremonies, funerals, and other life-cycle events are community affairs, where traditions guide rituals and reinforce social bonds. Even in urban areas, where nuclear families are more common, the sense of extended kinship remains strong.
Modern Influences and Adaptations
While tradition anchors daily life, modern influences are reshaping routines. Smartphones and social media connect people across distances, while urban youth experiment with global fashion alongside traditional Longyis. Education and migration also introduce new perspectives. Students in Yangon or Mandalay may balance traditional ceremonies with modern aspirations, reflecting the dynamic interplay between heritage and progress. Yet, even amid change, traditions remain resilient, adapting without losing their essence.
In Myanmar, tradition is not a distant memory but a living presence woven into daily routines. From early-morning almsgiving and lively tea shop conversations to festive water-throwing during Thingyan and quiet family meals at home, ordinary moments carry cultural meaning. These practices teach generosity, respect for elders, patience, and a strong sense of community. While modern influences are reshaping lifestyles, they have not erased these values; instead, traditions continue to adapt and endure. In a rapidly globalizing world, Myanmar’s daily life offers an important reminder that progress does not require the loss of identity. By honouring the past while embracing change, Myanmar shows how culture can remain alive – not frozen, but evolving – passed from one generation to the next through the simple acts of everyday living.
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In a rapidly changing world, where globalization and technology often overshadow tradition, Myanmar’s artisans continue to safeguard centuries-old cultural practices through their hands, hearts, and heritage. From the rhythmic clatter of looms in Shan villages to the scent of freshly carved teak in Mandalay workshops, traditional crafts like weaving and woodwork are not merely artistic expressions—they are living embodiments of identity, resilience, and continuity.
Threads of Identity: The Art of Weaving
Weaving in Myanmar is more than a skill; it is a story told in silk and cotton. Each region boasts its own patterns, techniques, and symbolism. In Chin State, vibrant textiles with geometric motifs reflect tribal histories and spiritual beliefs. In Shan State, delicate silk longyis shimmer with floral designs passed down through generations. In Rakhine, bold stripes and earthy tones speak to coastal life and Buddhist traditions.
The process itself is deeply meditative and communal. Women, who make up the majority of weavers, often gather in open-air huts, chatting and singing as they work. The loom becomes a space of connection – between generations, between craft and culture, between past and present.
Yet, weaving is not static. Contemporary artisans are blending tradition with innovation. Young designers in Yangon and Hpa-an are incorporating ethnic patterns into modern fashion, creating bags, scarves, and home décor that appeal to both local and international markets. This fusion not only revitalizes interest in traditional textiles but also provides sustainable income for rural communities.
Carving Legacy: The Craft of Woodwork
Wood carving is another cornerstone of Myanmar’s cultural heritage. From the intricate floral motifs adorning monastery pillars to the expressive faces of marionette puppets, woodwork reflects both spiritual devotion and artistic mastery.
Mandalay is considered the heart of Myanmar’s wood carving tradition. Here, artisans work with teak, padauk, and other native hardwoods to create religious statues, ceremonial furniture, and architectural elements. The skills are often passed from father to son, with apprentices spending years learning how to read the grain, wield the chisel, and breathe life into wood.
One of the most iconic expressions of this craft is the traditional Burmese puppet, or yoke thé. These puppets, carved with precision and painted with care, are used in performances that blend folklore, music, and moral storytelling. Though puppet shows have declined in popularity, efforts are underway to revive them through cultural festivals and tourism.
Woodwork also plays a role in everyday life. In rural areas, artisans build ox carts, rice pounders, and fishing boats – tools that are both functional and beautiful. Their work reflects a deep respect for nature and a philosophy of craftsmanship that values patience, precision, and purpose.
Challenges in a Changing Landscape
Despite their cultural significance, Myanmar’s traditional crafts face numerous challenges. Globalization has introduced mass-produced goods that often undercut handmade items in price. Younger generations, drawn to urban jobs and digital lifestyles, are less inclined to learn labour-intensive crafts. Political instability and economic hardship have disrupted supply chains and reduced market access.
Environmental degradation also poses a threat. Deforestation has made quality hardwoods scarce, while climate change affects cotton and silk production. Without sustainable resource management, the raw materials that fuel these crafts may vanish.
Moreover, many artisans lack formal recognition or support. Craftsmanship is often undervalued in national development plans, and artisans struggle to access training, funding, or fair-trade networks. Without intervention, Myanmar risks losing not just its crafts—but the cultural wisdom embedded within them.
In a rapidly changing world, where globalization and technology often overshadow tradition, Myanmar’s artisans continue to safeguard centuries-old cultural practices through their hands, hearts, and heritage. From the rhythmic clatter of looms in Shan villages to the scent of freshly carved teak in Mandalay workshops, traditional crafts like weaving and woodwork are not merely artistic expressions—they are living embodiments of identity, resilience, and continuity.
Threads of Identity: The Art of Weaving
Weaving in Myanmar is more than a skill; it is a story told in silk and cotton. Each region boasts its own patterns, techniques, and symbolism. In Chin State, vibrant textiles with geometric motifs reflect tribal histories and spiritual beliefs. In Shan State, delicate silk longyis shimmer with floral designs passed down through generations. In Rakhine, bold stripes and earthy tones speak to coastal life and Buddhist traditions.
The process itself is deeply meditative and communal. Women, who make up the majority of weavers, often gather in open-air huts, chatting and singing as they work. The loom becomes a space of connection – between generations, between craft and culture, between past and present.
Yet, weaving is not static. Contemporary artisans are blending tradition with innovation. Young designers in Yangon and Hpa-an are incorporating ethnic patterns into modern fashion, creating bags, scarves, and home décor that appeal to both local and international markets. This fusion not only revitalizes interest in traditional textiles but also provides sustainable income for rural communities.
Carving Legacy: The Craft of Woodwork
Wood carving is another cornerstone of Myanmar’s cultural heritage. From the intricate floral motifs adorning monastery pillars to the expressive faces of marionette puppets, woodwork reflects both spiritual devotion and artistic mastery.
Mandalay is considered the heart of Myanmar’s wood carving tradition. Here, artisans work with teak, padauk, and other native hardwoods to create religious statues, ceremonial furniture, and architectural elements. The skills are often passed from father to son, with apprentices spending years learning how to read the grain, wield the chisel, and breathe life into wood.
One of the most iconic expressions of this craft is the traditional Burmese puppet, or yoke thé. These puppets, carved with precision and painted with care, are used in performances that blend folklore, music, and moral storytelling. Though puppet shows have declined in popularity, efforts are underway to revive them through cultural festivals and tourism.
Woodwork also plays a role in everyday life. In rural areas, artisans build ox carts, rice pounders, and fishing boats – tools that are both functional and beautiful. Their work reflects a deep respect for nature and a philosophy of craftsmanship that values patience, precision, and purpose.
Challenges in a Changing Landscape
Despite their cultural significance, Myanmar’s traditional crafts face numerous challenges. Globalization has introduced mass-produced goods that often undercut handmade items in price. Younger generations, drawn to urban jobs and digital lifestyles, are less inclined to learn labour-intensive crafts. Political instability and economic hardship have disrupted supply chains and reduced market access.
Environmental degradation also poses a threat. Deforestation has made quality hardwoods scarce, while climate change affects cotton and silk production. Without sustainable resource management, the raw materials that fuel these crafts may vanish.
Moreover, many artisans lack formal recognition or support. Craftsmanship is often undervalued in national development plans, and artisans struggle to access training, funding, or fair-trade networks. Without intervention, Myanmar risks losing not just its crafts—but the cultural wisdom embedded within them.
Culture is defined as the collective values, customs, norms, arts, social institutions, and intellectual achievements of a particular society. Culture is the significance of any society, and at its heart lies intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the living expressions, traditions, and knowledge passed down through generations. Unlike monuments or artefacts, intangible cultural heritage includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, traditional craftsmanship, and indigenous knowledge systems. Though invisible, these elements are vital for maintaining the cultural identity, continuity, and cohesion of communities across the world.
The intangible cultural heritage (ICH) means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith, that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.
One of the most significant roles of intangible cultural heritage is in shaping and preserving cultural identity. In a rapidly globalizing world, where dominant cultures can overshadow local traditions, ICH serves as a powerful reminder of a community’s unique values, beliefs, and ways of life. Whether it’s the storytelling traditions of West Africa, the tea ceremony in Japan, or the Sufi music of South Asia, these practices keep local histories and perspectives alive. They give people a sense of belonging and pride in their heritage.
Moreover, intangible cultural heritage fosters social cohesion and intergenerational continuity. By participating in cultural practices, from folk dances to religious rituals, individuals strengthen their bonds with family and community. These practices are often transmitted from elders to youth, creating a link between generations. This transmission not only preserves knowledge but also instils moral values, respect, and cooperation.
In addition to cultural value, intangible heritage holds practical and economic importance. Traditional knowledge related to agriculture, medicine, and natural resource management offers sustainable alternatives to modern practices. For example, indigenous knowledge of herbal medicine has informed scientific research and led to the development of new pharmaceuticals. Similarly, local festivals and traditional crafts can boost tourism, create jobs, and support local economies without sacrificing authenticity.
Furthermore, intangible heritage contributes to peace and dialogue. It promotes respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. When communities share and celebrate their intangible heritage with others, they build mutual understanding and reduce prejudice. However, intangible cultural heritage is under threat. Modernization, urbanization, environmental changes, and even conflict can cause traditions to be forgotten or suppressed. As older generations pass away without transferring their knowledge, valuable aspects of heritage risk disappearing forever. Safeguarding intangible heritage, therefore, requires active documentation, education, and support from governments, communities, and individuals alike.
Additionally, intangible cultural heritage is not just a legacy of the past; it is a living, evolving source of identity, wisdom, and creativity. Its preservation is essential for cultural diversity, social harmony, and sustainable development. Therefore, protecting and promoting intangible heritage helps strengthen social bonds, foster mutual respect, and sustain cultural diversity in a rapidly globalizing world.
References
www.geektonight.com
https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
GNLM
Culture is defined as the collective values, customs, norms, arts, social institutions, and intellectual achievements of a particular society. Culture is the significance of any society, and at its heart lies intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the living expressions, traditions, and knowledge passed down through generations. Unlike monuments or artefacts, intangible cultural heritage includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, traditional craftsmanship, and indigenous knowledge systems. Though invisible, these elements are vital for maintaining the cultural identity, continuity, and cohesion of communities across the world.
The intangible cultural heritage (ICH) means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith, that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.
One of the most significant roles of intangible cultural heritage is in shaping and preserving cultural identity. In a rapidly globalizing world, where dominant cultures can overshadow local traditions, ICH serves as a powerful reminder of a community’s unique values, beliefs, and ways of life. Whether it’s the storytelling traditions of West Africa, the tea ceremony in Japan, or the Sufi music of South Asia, these practices keep local histories and perspectives alive. They give people a sense of belonging and pride in their heritage.
Moreover, intangible cultural heritage fosters social cohesion and intergenerational continuity. By participating in cultural practices, from folk dances to religious rituals, individuals strengthen their bonds with family and community. These practices are often transmitted from elders to youth, creating a link between generations. This transmission not only preserves knowledge but also instils moral values, respect, and cooperation.
In addition to cultural value, intangible heritage holds practical and economic importance. Traditional knowledge related to agriculture, medicine, and natural resource management offers sustainable alternatives to modern practices. For example, indigenous knowledge of herbal medicine has informed scientific research and led to the development of new pharmaceuticals. Similarly, local festivals and traditional crafts can boost tourism, create jobs, and support local economies without sacrificing authenticity.
Furthermore, intangible heritage contributes to peace and dialogue. It promotes respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. When communities share and celebrate their intangible heritage with others, they build mutual understanding and reduce prejudice. However, intangible cultural heritage is under threat. Modernization, urbanization, environmental changes, and even conflict can cause traditions to be forgotten or suppressed. As older generations pass away without transferring their knowledge, valuable aspects of heritage risk disappearing forever. Safeguarding intangible heritage, therefore, requires active documentation, education, and support from governments, communities, and individuals alike.
Additionally, intangible cultural heritage is not just a legacy of the past; it is a living, evolving source of identity, wisdom, and creativity. Its preservation is essential for cultural diversity, social harmony, and sustainable development. Therefore, protecting and promoting intangible heritage helps strengthen social bonds, foster mutual respect, and sustain cultural diversity in a rapidly globalizing world.
References
www.geektonight.com
https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
GNLM
Introduction
While Western psychology often emphasizes individualism and self-actualization, a different narrative unfolds in Myanmar. Here, psychological development is inextricably linked to the tenets of Theravada Buddhism. This article explores how Burmese culture, infused with Buddhist thought, shapes the emotional and cognitive growth of children from early childhood through adolescence, offering a unique perspective on the universal challenges of growing up.
Early Childhood (Ages 1–5): Building a Foundation of Karma
In the West, early childhood development is often framed around attachment theory and emotional regulation. In Myanmar, a child’s first lessons in psychology are rooted in the concept of karma. Parents and caregivers act as a child’s first teachers of this principle, where every thought, word, and action has a consequence. This isn’t taught as a harsh, punitive system but as a foundational truth about the universe. Psychologically, this instils a deep sense of personal responsibility. Rather than acting out of fear of punishment, children learn that good deeds, like sharing toys or being kind, accumulate merit and contribute to a positive future. This framework can foster a strong, intrinsic moral compass that is not dependent on external validation.
Middle Childhood (Ages 6–10): The Social Self and the Shinbyu Ceremony
As children enter school age, their world expands from the family to the community. At this stage, the Buddhist principle of metta (loving-kindness) becomes central to their social development. Children are encouraged to extend compassion beyond themselves, fostering empathy and a sense of collective well-being. This can mitigate the intense social pressures and focus on self-worth that are common in Western youth. The most significant rite of passage in this period is the Shinbyu ceremony, a temporary ordination for boys.
This ceremony has profound psychological effects:
* Detachment from the Ego: By temporarily renouncing their families and worldly possessions, boys are symbolically introduced to the Buddhist concept of anatta (non-self). This experience can help them psychologically detach from the ego, reducing self-centeredness.
* Discipline and Humility: The boys learn to live a life of strict monastic discipline, wearing simple robes and relying on alms. This process instils humility, a key virtue in Buddhism, and provides a powerful lesson in self-control.
Adolescence (Ages 11–16): Navigating Identity with Impermanence.
Adolescence is a time of immense psychological turmoil, marked by the search for identity and a heightened emotional state. In Myanmar, Buddhist philosophy offers a unique lens through which to navigate these challenges.
Rather than viewing stress and emotional pain as problems to be fixed, the concept of dhukka (suffering) helps adolescents understand that these feelings are a natural part of existence. Crucially, the belief in anicca (impermanence) teaches them that these difficult feelings are temporary and will pass.
The practice of Vipassana (insight) meditation, which is highly valued, provides a practical tool for emotional regulation. Adolescents learn to observe their thoughts and feelings without judgment, creating a psychological distance that prevents them from being overwhelmed.
This differs from a Western approach that might focus on expressing or talking through emotions. Here, the emphasis is on mindful observation.
While Western adolescents often seek a unique, individual identity, Burmese culture, influenced by Buddhism, emphasizes interconnectedness. Identity is not found in a separate self, but within a web of relationships and a collective moral ecosystem. This can provide a powerful buffer against feelings of isolation and a sense of purpose rooted in community and shared values.
The Dilemma of Sex Education in Myanmar: A Taboo Culture and Evolving Norms
The introduction of sex education in Myanmar faces a significant dilemma due to deeply ingrained cultural and religious taboos that view discussions of sexuality as inappropriate and shameful until adulthood. This cultural silence, combined with a lack of formal education, leaves young people vulnerable and creates significant public health challenges.
Cultural Taboos and Traditional Beliefs.
In Burmese culture, which is predominantly Theravada Buddhist, a strong emphasis on purity and modesty has historically governed discussions of sex. For young women, especially, the expectation of premarital virginity is a powerful social norm. Discussing sex is often seen as a sign of promiscuity or an encouragement of premarital activity. This silence often leads to a “don’t ask, don’t tell” dynamic between parents and children, where even basic biological facts like menstruation are not openly discussed.
For many, formal education is seen as a way to “corrupt” or “immortalize” society, leading to strong resistance from conservative parents and religious leaders. This cultural barrier means that even when sex education is included in a school’s curriculum, teachers often feel too embarrassed or unprepared to teach it, or they simply skip the content.
The Consequences of the Information Gap
This lack of comprehensive sex education has serious consequences. Studies have found that many young people in Myanmar have a limited understanding of sexual and reproductive health. This knowledge gap contributes to a high prevalence of unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS. With limited access to accurate, factual information, many teenagers turn to unreliable sources like social media, which often provide misinformation. This leaves them ill-equipped to make safe and informed decisions about their bodies and relationships.
Sexual Orientation and Identification
The challenges are even more pronounced for individuals grappling with their sexual orientation and gender identity. In Myanmar, a colonial-era law, Section 377 of the Penal Code, criminalizes same-sex sexual activity, creating a legal and social environment of discrimination. This legal framework, combined with deep-seated social stigma, makes it difficult for LGBTQ+ individuals to live openly and safely.
While some transgender people may find a degree of societal acceptance in traditional roles like nat kadaw (spirit mediums), a lack of legal protection means that LGBTQ+ individuals are often subjected to harassment, blackmail, and even violence. The absence of conversations around sexual orientation and gender identity in education further marginalizes these individuals, leaving them without the psychological and social support needed to navigate their identities. This can lead to severe mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and self-harm.
A Path Forward
Despite these significant challenges, there is growing recognition of the need for change. Organizations and activists are working to introduce culturally sensitive, comprehensive sexuality education that focuses on human rights, bodily autonomy, and respectful relationships, not just on the mechanics of reproduction. The rise of social media has also provided a new platform for younger generations to seek information and connect with others. While the path to reform is long, it is a crucial step towards ensuring that all young people in Myanmar, regardless of their gender or sexual orientation, have the knowledge and tools to live healthy and safe lives.
Conclusion
The Burmese approach to growing up demonstrates that psychology is not a one-size-fits-all science. By weaving Buddhist principles into their cultural fabric, they have created a model of psychological development that prioritizes responsibility, compassion, discipline, and resilience. This alternative perspective offers valuable insights for a world increasingly grappling with the mental health challenges of the younger generation.
GNLM
Introduction
While Western psychology often emphasizes individualism and self-actualization, a different narrative unfolds in Myanmar. Here, psychological development is inextricably linked to the tenets of Theravada Buddhism. This article explores how Burmese culture, infused with Buddhist thought, shapes the emotional and cognitive growth of children from early childhood through adolescence, offering a unique perspective on the universal challenges of growing up.
Early Childhood (Ages 1–5): Building a Foundation of Karma
In the West, early childhood development is often framed around attachment theory and emotional regulation. In Myanmar, a child’s first lessons in psychology are rooted in the concept of karma. Parents and caregivers act as a child’s first teachers of this principle, where every thought, word, and action has a consequence. This isn’t taught as a harsh, punitive system but as a foundational truth about the universe. Psychologically, this instils a deep sense of personal responsibility. Rather than acting out of fear of punishment, children learn that good deeds, like sharing toys or being kind, accumulate merit and contribute to a positive future. This framework can foster a strong, intrinsic moral compass that is not dependent on external validation.
Middle Childhood (Ages 6–10): The Social Self and the Shinbyu Ceremony
As children enter school age, their world expands from the family to the community. At this stage, the Buddhist principle of metta (loving-kindness) becomes central to their social development. Children are encouraged to extend compassion beyond themselves, fostering empathy and a sense of collective well-being. This can mitigate the intense social pressures and focus on self-worth that are common in Western youth. The most significant rite of passage in this period is the Shinbyu ceremony, a temporary ordination for boys.
This ceremony has profound psychological effects:
* Detachment from the Ego: By temporarily renouncing their families and worldly possessions, boys are symbolically introduced to the Buddhist concept of anatta (non-self). This experience can help them psychologically detach from the ego, reducing self-centeredness.
* Discipline and Humility: The boys learn to live a life of strict monastic discipline, wearing simple robes and relying on alms. This process instils humility, a key virtue in Buddhism, and provides a powerful lesson in self-control.
Adolescence (Ages 11–16): Navigating Identity with Impermanence.
Adolescence is a time of immense psychological turmoil, marked by the search for identity and a heightened emotional state. In Myanmar, Buddhist philosophy offers a unique lens through which to navigate these challenges.
Rather than viewing stress and emotional pain as problems to be fixed, the concept of dhukka (suffering) helps adolescents understand that these feelings are a natural part of existence. Crucially, the belief in anicca (impermanence) teaches them that these difficult feelings are temporary and will pass.
The practice of Vipassana (insight) meditation, which is highly valued, provides a practical tool for emotional regulation. Adolescents learn to observe their thoughts and feelings without judgment, creating a psychological distance that prevents them from being overwhelmed.
This differs from a Western approach that might focus on expressing or talking through emotions. Here, the emphasis is on mindful observation.
While Western adolescents often seek a unique, individual identity, Burmese culture, influenced by Buddhism, emphasizes interconnectedness. Identity is not found in a separate self, but within a web of relationships and a collective moral ecosystem. This can provide a powerful buffer against feelings of isolation and a sense of purpose rooted in community and shared values.
The Dilemma of Sex Education in Myanmar: A Taboo Culture and Evolving Norms
The introduction of sex education in Myanmar faces a significant dilemma due to deeply ingrained cultural and religious taboos that view discussions of sexuality as inappropriate and shameful until adulthood. This cultural silence, combined with a lack of formal education, leaves young people vulnerable and creates significant public health challenges.
Cultural Taboos and Traditional Beliefs.
In Burmese culture, which is predominantly Theravada Buddhist, a strong emphasis on purity and modesty has historically governed discussions of sex. For young women, especially, the expectation of premarital virginity is a powerful social norm. Discussing sex is often seen as a sign of promiscuity or an encouragement of premarital activity. This silence often leads to a “don’t ask, don’t tell” dynamic between parents and children, where even basic biological facts like menstruation are not openly discussed.
For many, formal education is seen as a way to “corrupt” or “immortalize” society, leading to strong resistance from conservative parents and religious leaders. This cultural barrier means that even when sex education is included in a school’s curriculum, teachers often feel too embarrassed or unprepared to teach it, or they simply skip the content.
The Consequences of the Information Gap
This lack of comprehensive sex education has serious consequences. Studies have found that many young people in Myanmar have a limited understanding of sexual and reproductive health. This knowledge gap contributes to a high prevalence of unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS. With limited access to accurate, factual information, many teenagers turn to unreliable sources like social media, which often provide misinformation. This leaves them ill-equipped to make safe and informed decisions about their bodies and relationships.
Sexual Orientation and Identification
The challenges are even more pronounced for individuals grappling with their sexual orientation and gender identity. In Myanmar, a colonial-era law, Section 377 of the Penal Code, criminalizes same-sex sexual activity, creating a legal and social environment of discrimination. This legal framework, combined with deep-seated social stigma, makes it difficult for LGBTQ+ individuals to live openly and safely.
While some transgender people may find a degree of societal acceptance in traditional roles like nat kadaw (spirit mediums), a lack of legal protection means that LGBTQ+ individuals are often subjected to harassment, blackmail, and even violence. The absence of conversations around sexual orientation and gender identity in education further marginalizes these individuals, leaving them without the psychological and social support needed to navigate their identities. This can lead to severe mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and self-harm.
A Path Forward
Despite these significant challenges, there is growing recognition of the need for change. Organizations and activists are working to introduce culturally sensitive, comprehensive sexuality education that focuses on human rights, bodily autonomy, and respectful relationships, not just on the mechanics of reproduction. The rise of social media has also provided a new platform for younger generations to seek information and connect with others. While the path to reform is long, it is a crucial step towards ensuring that all young people in Myanmar, regardless of their gender or sexual orientation, have the knowledge and tools to live healthy and safe lives.
Conclusion
The Burmese approach to growing up demonstrates that psychology is not a one-size-fits-all science. By weaving Buddhist principles into their cultural fabric, they have created a model of psychological development that prioritizes responsibility, compassion, discipline, and resilience. This alternative perspective offers valuable insights for a world increasingly grappling with the mental health challenges of the younger generation.
GNLM
At the very heart of the world, Myanmar stands anchored in its millennia-old civilizational roots, bearing witness to a rich and resilient cultural identity. Looking forward, it is the solemn historical duty of every citizen to safeguard, uplift, and advance Myanmar’s cultural legacy, ensuring that more of its heritage sites are recognized globally and that the nation’s distinct Identity continues to shine on the world stage.
The religious and cultural traditions of Myanmar are not mere relics of the past; they are the lifeblood of the nation, intertwining social unity, moral elevation, artistic refinement, and historical depth. By preserving these enduring values, Myanmar reveals to the world a timeless story: that of a nation that, with its own crown, its own throne, and its own sceptre, has for centuries stood with dignity at the crossroads of history and heritage.
Social Value
The traditional Myanmar Htamin-Wain—the family meal circle – is far more than the mere act of sharing food. It is a cultural inheritance that embodies familial unity, ancestral customs, and deeply held social values. Within this circle, members of the household – elders and youth, parents and children – gather around a shared table, sitting together without distinction of rank or age. Meals are served and enjoyed in common, with every dish shared in a spirit of equality and togetherness.
This sacred tradition is more than a daily ritual; it is a symbol of cohesion. It nurtures love within the family, fosters open dialogue, and strengthens bonds that transcend generations. Welcoming guests into the Htamin-Wain is a gesture of hospitality rooted in heritage, expressing the timeless Myanmar code of graceful generosity.
At its heart, the Htamin-Wain reflects the broader values of Myanmar society: rural unity built upon the foundation of family, reverence for tradition and religion, and a deep-seated ethic of compassion, honesty, and harmonious living. It signifies an egalitarian spirit—where dignity is shared, and respect is given freely to all.
Moreover, Myanmar’s deeply ingrained culture of charity and generosity stands proudly among the highest in the world. Despite being a developing country and one marked by internal conflict, Myanmar consistently ranks at the very top in global indices of giving and selfless contribution. This is no coincidence – it is a reflection of the moral fibre of the Myanmar people.
Though Myanmar may often be labelled a developing nation, or one mired in conflict, the enduring tradition of heartfelt generosity — our timeless culture of giving without hesitation — stands as an unyielding gem, gleaming with the moral clarity of true compassion. These values shall remain, like an unsullied emerald in the mud, a testament to a people rich in faith and humanity, radiant upon the world stage.
The Value of Union Spirit
The Union Spirit stands as the lifeblood and very soul of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. It embodies the noble sacrifices of the past, the resilience in the face of present-day challenges, and the graceful hopes we hold for a peaceful and prosperous future. The Union is not a mere concept; it is the indispensable foundation upon which the unity, harmony, dignity, and enduring stability of a nation composed of diverse ethnicities, faiths, and cultures rests.
Given Myanmar’s diverse geography, ranging from hills to plains, from forests to rivers—and its multitude of indigenous brothers and sisters of varied ethnicities, traditions, and cultural identities, the Union binds them all as one: siblings born of the same land, nourished by the same waters. Though varied in origin and appearance, they are bound by shared destiny and common heritage.
The Union Spirit exemplifies the power of unity. It calls for the construction of long-term, sustainable progress through collective will, collaborative effort, and a spirit of familial solidarity. In building such a future, every challenge faced by the State must be met and overcome with a renewed commitment to this spirit of unity.
From the days of regaining national independence and sovereignty, to today’s endeavour of building lasting peace across the country and recovering from the devastating blows of natural disasters, the journey must continue under the strength of Union Spirit. It is this spirit that must carry us forward.
Preserving and manifesting this cherished value is not the duty of the government alone. It is a solemn obligation shared by every citizen, every community, and every ethnic group across the nation. It is only through this collective responsibility that the Union shall remain steadfast, and the future of Myanmar be made secure.
Myanmar Values in the Testing Ground
In the aftermath of the 2020 general elections, a grave distortion of democratic principles unfolded. The then-governing administration, along with the Election Commission, engaged in actions that starkly contravened the spirit of a free and fair electoral process. These included the artificial inflation of voter lists through questionable methods, the conduct of voting procedures in certain constituencies in violation of legal frameworks, and a lack of transparency in the collection and declaration of election results.
Such manoeuvres, carried out under the guise of administrative authority, constituted an unlawful attempt to seize the reins of state power by illegitimate means. It was in this critical moment – when the sovereignty of the nation and the very foundations of its democratic order stood at risk – that Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces), under Article 417 of the Constitution, assumed responsibility for the governance of the country.
In doing so, the State Administration Council (SAC) was formed to safeguard the Union, preserve national sovereignty, and uphold the democratic system that had come under assault. This pivotal juncture became a solemn test of Myanmar’s Union Spirit – a test of its resilience, of its resolve to protect the sanctity of its national values, and of its unwavering commitment to unity, legality, and justice.
At the very same moment, we witness a troubling phenomenon: the deliberate amplification of discord – through divisive ideologies, ethnic tensions, and conflicting political systems – all tactically deployed to inflame conflict rather than to resolve it. These orchestrated efforts exacerbate existing fractures, further deepening the instability within the nation.
Amidst political turbulence, mounting economic challenges, and the shifting balance of power on the global stage, Myanmar continues to struggle for a dignified and resolute standing in the international community. The State Administration Council, as the governing body, has been striving through various means to stabilize the nation’s political landscape, which has been shaken by persistent conflict. With unwavering determination, it continues to advance forward, adhering to its strategic roadmap despite the daunting obstacles.
Yet, due to a range of internal and external provocations—instigations, encouragements, and systematic reinforcements of unrest – the resulting impact has been felt profoundly across the nation. The consequences are far-reaching: from the livelihoods of the people to their access to healthcare and education, the nation’s essential development sectors have suffered both directly and indirectly.
In truth, amid the chaos and disarray, the intrinsic values of Myanmar – those that once served as guiding standards – have begun to fade, growing faint beneath the weight of persistent adversity.
Alongside the prevailing political instability, Myanmar has also been tested by severe natural disasters – events that have challenged not only the nation’s resilience but also its capacity for recovery and reconstruction. In the present era, all nations around the globe are grappling with the intensifying consequences of climate change, manifesting in increasingly extreme and unpredictable weather patterns. Myanmar is no exception.
In May 2023, Cyclone Mocha struck the country with devastating force, followed by the aftermath of Typhoon Yagi in September 2024, whose residual storm clouds brought widespread flooding across vulnerable regions. Each of these events demanded strength, coordination, and endurance from the nation and its people.
Yet nature’s sternest trial came on the afternoon of March 28, 2025, when a powerful earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale struck Mandalay and surrounding areas. The devastation was indiscriminate. It spared neither rich nor poor, made no distinction of ethnicity, religion, age, or political affiliation. It touched the lives of all humans and animals alike throughout the length and breadth of the country.
In the affected regions, the impact was profound: communities were uprooted, livelihoods disrupted, and critical infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and basic facilities, shattered. Perhaps most heartrending of all was the destruction of sacred and revered heritage – pagodas, monasteries, temples, lakes, and ancient stupas – collapsed and buried beneath the earth they once sanctified. For many, the sorrow was unbearable, the loss beyond consolation.
This, too, stands as a solemn test – a trial set forth by the forces of nature – upon the cherished values of Myanmar. It is a reminder that in moments of great upheaval, the strength of a nation is not only measured by its endurance, but by the unyielding spirit of its people and the sacredness of what they hold dear.
From the very moment the earth ceased its violent tremor, the nation’s highest leadership – headed by the Head of State and senior government officials – swiftly mobilized into action. They conducted immediate on-site inspections of the most severely affected areas and ensured that urgent humanitarian assistance was dispatched without delay. In close coordination with both domestic and international rescue organizations, they worked tirelessly to reach those trapped beneath the rubble and to carry out life-saving interventions with all possible haste.
Temporary shelters were promptly established for the displaced, providing a measure of safety and dignity amidst chaos. Meanwhile, the process of national recovery was set into motion with a structured, multi-phased approach aimed at restoring not only infrastructure but hope.
In the first phase, emergency repairs were undertaken on damaged roads, collapsed bridges, and vital infrastructure, enabling access and connectivity to the afflicted regions. The second phase focused on restoring essential services – communication lines, electrical grids, and water supply systems – thereby reestablishing the basic functionality of daily life.
Finally, in the third phase, structurally unsound buildings were carefully demolished, clearing the way for comprehensive reconstruction efforts. These were not mere restorations, but deliberate steps toward building resilient, long-lasting structures that could stand the test of time and nature.
This systematic response reflects not only the government’s resolve but also the enduring spirit of a people who, even in the aftermath of destruction, choose to rebuild – stronger, safer, and united.
Assistance was received from ASEAN and various international organizations, facilitating the acquisition of technology, expertise, and financial support. Myanmar’s unity and resilience were prominently highlighted in international media, underscoring the steadfast spirit of its people. To ensure sustainable long-term development, revised standards and benchmarks were established for the construction of earthquake-resistant infrastructure. Furthermore, training programs were conducted to enhance human resource capacity in natural disaster risk prevention and management. Efforts to restore religious and cultural heritage also served to uplift public morale, providing psychological strength to communities affected by the earthquake.
“Though the powerful earthquake, measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale, shattered roads, bridges, and sturdy edifices built of brick, stone, and steel into ruins, it found no foothold against the unbreakable spirit of the Myanmar people — undaunted, unwavering, and unyielding amid the rubble.”
The State Administration Council is actively collaborating with the international community to expedite the restoration of damages caused by the earthquake and to build a more resilient and prosperous socio-economic system for the future.
Simultaneously, the State Government continues to advance peacebuilding efforts to resolve ongoing political challenges. Since February 1, 2021, there have been numerous unilateral ceasefire declarations by the Tatmadaw, reflecting a commitment to enduring peace. Following the devastating earthquake in Mandalay on 28 March, the military once again upheld ceasefire measures as a special priority, enabling focused efforts on reconstruction and the welfare of the people.
In furtherance of this commitment, the government convened the Peace Talk-2025 in March and the Peace Forum-2025 in June. These gatherings brought together a broad spectrum of stakeholders: members of the National Unity and Peace Coordination Committee; retired military officers; representatives of the Joint Monitoring Committee (JMC) overseeing ceasefire compliance; delegates from political parties; signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) from various ethnic armed organizations; dedicated peace practitioners; international guests; diplomats from foreign embassies; scholars and experts; media personnel; officials from union ministries and organizations; university professors; association delegates; and researchers. The broad participation and vigorous dialogue clearly demonstrate the government and people’s strong, shared aspiration for peace.
Accordingly, the Chairman of the State Administration Council and Prime Minister, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, emphasized during these peace dialogues that, “Peace policies are the essence of the NCA and embody the accumulated wisdom gained through successive peacebuilding efforts. These are immutable truths that must be respected and upheld to consolidate the current peace process. Our ultimate national aspiration is to establish a ‘Union State’ founded on democracy and federalism.”
In light of this, despite the natural disasters confronting Myanmar and the internal and external sabotage threatening the unity of the Union, the government, military, and people are united – like a phoenix rising from the ashes – in their tireless efforts to strengthen the invaluable spirit of union. Together, we endeavour to transform the nation toward a brighter, more harmonious future.
Myanmar’s Future
The State Administration Council, grounded in the principle of a “Self-Reliance Policy,” is steadfastly working in close partnership with the people to build a prosperous and united Union of Myanmar. Looking ahead to December 2025, Myanmar is scheduled to hold a free and fair multiparty general election, representing a critical milestone in the ongoing pursuit of a federal democratic union.
The multiparty democratic system anticipated to emerge from this election is expected to facilitate the effective implementation of power-sharing and resource-sharing mechanisms through legislative institutions, thereby reinforcing the broader national peace process. Beyond its procedural significance, the election embodies the collective aspirations of the populace, representing a pivotal step toward inclusive governance and lasting stability.
The election holds the promise of revitalizing and advancing Myanmar’s distinct national identity, character, and core values, while laying the foundation for a future marked by inclusive growth and opportunity. Through this democratic process, Myanmar seeks to reaffirm its sovereign presence and articulate its national aspirations with clarity and dignity on the international stage.
The election will serve as a vibrant renaissance for Myanmar’s cherished values, restoring their brilliance to paint a hopeful future. The enhancement of these values is inseparable from the progress of Myanmar’s democratic development.
Given the current circumstances, this election cannot be regarded simply as routine. Rather, it represents the threshold to a future Union grounded firmly in democracy and federalism. Passing through this gateway, Myanmar will cultivate constructive political habits, resolving conflicts through dialogue and consensus-building around the political table, and will thus lay the foundations for unity and the elevation of national values.
The forthcoming election represents a critical juncture in Myanmar’s political trajectory, serving as a pivotal bridge toward the establishment of a democratic and federal Union. It may be aptly characterized as a ‘Gateway to Democracy,’ wherein collective aspirations coalesce to pave the way for a renewed and inclusive national future.
Myanmar’s Way — Myanmar’s Future
Myanmar’s path toward a stable and prosperous future is complex and fraught with challenges, requiring sustained commitment to navigate political, social, and economic obstacles while capitalising on emerging opportunities. At the heart of this endeavour lies the successful conduct of a free and fair multiparty democratic general election, which remains fundamental to the country’s democratic transition and long-term development.
As Myanmar progresses along its chosen trajectory toward the implementation of future national strategies, it is imperative to preserve and uphold the country’s historical legacy, foundational political values, economic potential, geographic centrality, religious and cultural heritage, and core social principles. Equally essential is the cultivation of a shared sense of civic responsibility, cooperation, social cohesion, and collective resilience among all citizens – elements that are indispensable to building a strong, unified, and enduring Union.
At this critical juncture, as Myanmar seeks to emerge from the turbulence of recent years, it is essential to embrace the rich diversity of its peoples and cultures as a foundation for national renewal. Advancing toward a stable, peaceful, and prosperous future will require a sustained commitment to inclusive development, harmonious coexistence, and the equitable pursuit of shared progress.
“To safeguard and breathe life into Myanmar’s timeless values and to honour the weight of its pivotal place on the world’s map, we must ignite a fierce patriotic flame and awaken the power of an Active Citizen. It is this very spirit that will rekindle the fading light of our cherished heritage, lifting ‘Myanmar values’ high once again – as we join hands and stride boldly toward the radiant dawn of our nation’s tomorrow.”
GNLM
At the very heart of the world, Myanmar stands anchored in its millennia-old civilizational roots, bearing witness to a rich and resilient cultural identity. Looking forward, it is the solemn historical duty of every citizen to safeguard, uplift, and advance Myanmar’s cultural legacy, ensuring that more of its heritage sites are recognized globally and that the nation’s distinct Identity continues to shine on the world stage.
The religious and cultural traditions of Myanmar are not mere relics of the past; they are the lifeblood of the nation, intertwining social unity, moral elevation, artistic refinement, and historical depth. By preserving these enduring values, Myanmar reveals to the world a timeless story: that of a nation that, with its own crown, its own throne, and its own sceptre, has for centuries stood with dignity at the crossroads of history and heritage.
Social Value
The traditional Myanmar Htamin-Wain—the family meal circle – is far more than the mere act of sharing food. It is a cultural inheritance that embodies familial unity, ancestral customs, and deeply held social values. Within this circle, members of the household – elders and youth, parents and children – gather around a shared table, sitting together without distinction of rank or age. Meals are served and enjoyed in common, with every dish shared in a spirit of equality and togetherness.
This sacred tradition is more than a daily ritual; it is a symbol of cohesion. It nurtures love within the family, fosters open dialogue, and strengthens bonds that transcend generations. Welcoming guests into the Htamin-Wain is a gesture of hospitality rooted in heritage, expressing the timeless Myanmar code of graceful generosity.
At its heart, the Htamin-Wain reflects the broader values of Myanmar society: rural unity built upon the foundation of family, reverence for tradition and religion, and a deep-seated ethic of compassion, honesty, and harmonious living. It signifies an egalitarian spirit—where dignity is shared, and respect is given freely to all.
Moreover, Myanmar’s deeply ingrained culture of charity and generosity stands proudly among the highest in the world. Despite being a developing country and one marked by internal conflict, Myanmar consistently ranks at the very top in global indices of giving and selfless contribution. This is no coincidence – it is a reflection of the moral fibre of the Myanmar people.
Though Myanmar may often be labelled a developing nation, or one mired in conflict, the enduring tradition of heartfelt generosity — our timeless culture of giving without hesitation — stands as an unyielding gem, gleaming with the moral clarity of true compassion. These values shall remain, like an unsullied emerald in the mud, a testament to a people rich in faith and humanity, radiant upon the world stage.
The Value of Union Spirit
The Union Spirit stands as the lifeblood and very soul of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. It embodies the noble sacrifices of the past, the resilience in the face of present-day challenges, and the graceful hopes we hold for a peaceful and prosperous future. The Union is not a mere concept; it is the indispensable foundation upon which the unity, harmony, dignity, and enduring stability of a nation composed of diverse ethnicities, faiths, and cultures rests.
Given Myanmar’s diverse geography, ranging from hills to plains, from forests to rivers—and its multitude of indigenous brothers and sisters of varied ethnicities, traditions, and cultural identities, the Union binds them all as one: siblings born of the same land, nourished by the same waters. Though varied in origin and appearance, they are bound by shared destiny and common heritage.
The Union Spirit exemplifies the power of unity. It calls for the construction of long-term, sustainable progress through collective will, collaborative effort, and a spirit of familial solidarity. In building such a future, every challenge faced by the State must be met and overcome with a renewed commitment to this spirit of unity.
From the days of regaining national independence and sovereignty, to today’s endeavour of building lasting peace across the country and recovering from the devastating blows of natural disasters, the journey must continue under the strength of Union Spirit. It is this spirit that must carry us forward.
Preserving and manifesting this cherished value is not the duty of the government alone. It is a solemn obligation shared by every citizen, every community, and every ethnic group across the nation. It is only through this collective responsibility that the Union shall remain steadfast, and the future of Myanmar be made secure.
Myanmar Values in the Testing Ground
In the aftermath of the 2020 general elections, a grave distortion of democratic principles unfolded. The then-governing administration, along with the Election Commission, engaged in actions that starkly contravened the spirit of a free and fair electoral process. These included the artificial inflation of voter lists through questionable methods, the conduct of voting procedures in certain constituencies in violation of legal frameworks, and a lack of transparency in the collection and declaration of election results.
Such manoeuvres, carried out under the guise of administrative authority, constituted an unlawful attempt to seize the reins of state power by illegitimate means. It was in this critical moment – when the sovereignty of the nation and the very foundations of its democratic order stood at risk – that Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces), under Article 417 of the Constitution, assumed responsibility for the governance of the country.
In doing so, the State Administration Council (SAC) was formed to safeguard the Union, preserve national sovereignty, and uphold the democratic system that had come under assault. This pivotal juncture became a solemn test of Myanmar’s Union Spirit – a test of its resilience, of its resolve to protect the sanctity of its national values, and of its unwavering commitment to unity, legality, and justice.
At the very same moment, we witness a troubling phenomenon: the deliberate amplification of discord – through divisive ideologies, ethnic tensions, and conflicting political systems – all tactically deployed to inflame conflict rather than to resolve it. These orchestrated efforts exacerbate existing fractures, further deepening the instability within the nation.
Amidst political turbulence, mounting economic challenges, and the shifting balance of power on the global stage, Myanmar continues to struggle for a dignified and resolute standing in the international community. The State Administration Council, as the governing body, has been striving through various means to stabilize the nation’s political landscape, which has been shaken by persistent conflict. With unwavering determination, it continues to advance forward, adhering to its strategic roadmap despite the daunting obstacles.
Yet, due to a range of internal and external provocations—instigations, encouragements, and systematic reinforcements of unrest – the resulting impact has been felt profoundly across the nation. The consequences are far-reaching: from the livelihoods of the people to their access to healthcare and education, the nation’s essential development sectors have suffered both directly and indirectly.
In truth, amid the chaos and disarray, the intrinsic values of Myanmar – those that once served as guiding standards – have begun to fade, growing faint beneath the weight of persistent adversity.
Alongside the prevailing political instability, Myanmar has also been tested by severe natural disasters – events that have challenged not only the nation’s resilience but also its capacity for recovery and reconstruction. In the present era, all nations around the globe are grappling with the intensifying consequences of climate change, manifesting in increasingly extreme and unpredictable weather patterns. Myanmar is no exception.
In May 2023, Cyclone Mocha struck the country with devastating force, followed by the aftermath of Typhoon Yagi in September 2024, whose residual storm clouds brought widespread flooding across vulnerable regions. Each of these events demanded strength, coordination, and endurance from the nation and its people.
Yet nature’s sternest trial came on the afternoon of March 28, 2025, when a powerful earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale struck Mandalay and surrounding areas. The devastation was indiscriminate. It spared neither rich nor poor, made no distinction of ethnicity, religion, age, or political affiliation. It touched the lives of all humans and animals alike throughout the length and breadth of the country.
In the affected regions, the impact was profound: communities were uprooted, livelihoods disrupted, and critical infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and basic facilities, shattered. Perhaps most heartrending of all was the destruction of sacred and revered heritage – pagodas, monasteries, temples, lakes, and ancient stupas – collapsed and buried beneath the earth they once sanctified. For many, the sorrow was unbearable, the loss beyond consolation.
This, too, stands as a solemn test – a trial set forth by the forces of nature – upon the cherished values of Myanmar. It is a reminder that in moments of great upheaval, the strength of a nation is not only measured by its endurance, but by the unyielding spirit of its people and the sacredness of what they hold dear.
From the very moment the earth ceased its violent tremor, the nation’s highest leadership – headed by the Head of State and senior government officials – swiftly mobilized into action. They conducted immediate on-site inspections of the most severely affected areas and ensured that urgent humanitarian assistance was dispatched without delay. In close coordination with both domestic and international rescue organizations, they worked tirelessly to reach those trapped beneath the rubble and to carry out life-saving interventions with all possible haste.
Temporary shelters were promptly established for the displaced, providing a measure of safety and dignity amidst chaos. Meanwhile, the process of national recovery was set into motion with a structured, multi-phased approach aimed at restoring not only infrastructure but hope.
In the first phase, emergency repairs were undertaken on damaged roads, collapsed bridges, and vital infrastructure, enabling access and connectivity to the afflicted regions. The second phase focused on restoring essential services – communication lines, electrical grids, and water supply systems – thereby reestablishing the basic functionality of daily life.
Finally, in the third phase, structurally unsound buildings were carefully demolished, clearing the way for comprehensive reconstruction efforts. These were not mere restorations, but deliberate steps toward building resilient, long-lasting structures that could stand the test of time and nature.
This systematic response reflects not only the government’s resolve but also the enduring spirit of a people who, even in the aftermath of destruction, choose to rebuild – stronger, safer, and united.
Assistance was received from ASEAN and various international organizations, facilitating the acquisition of technology, expertise, and financial support. Myanmar’s unity and resilience were prominently highlighted in international media, underscoring the steadfast spirit of its people. To ensure sustainable long-term development, revised standards and benchmarks were established for the construction of earthquake-resistant infrastructure. Furthermore, training programs were conducted to enhance human resource capacity in natural disaster risk prevention and management. Efforts to restore religious and cultural heritage also served to uplift public morale, providing psychological strength to communities affected by the earthquake.
“Though the powerful earthquake, measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale, shattered roads, bridges, and sturdy edifices built of brick, stone, and steel into ruins, it found no foothold against the unbreakable spirit of the Myanmar people — undaunted, unwavering, and unyielding amid the rubble.”
The State Administration Council is actively collaborating with the international community to expedite the restoration of damages caused by the earthquake and to build a more resilient and prosperous socio-economic system for the future.
Simultaneously, the State Government continues to advance peacebuilding efforts to resolve ongoing political challenges. Since February 1, 2021, there have been numerous unilateral ceasefire declarations by the Tatmadaw, reflecting a commitment to enduring peace. Following the devastating earthquake in Mandalay on 28 March, the military once again upheld ceasefire measures as a special priority, enabling focused efforts on reconstruction and the welfare of the people.
In furtherance of this commitment, the government convened the Peace Talk-2025 in March and the Peace Forum-2025 in June. These gatherings brought together a broad spectrum of stakeholders: members of the National Unity and Peace Coordination Committee; retired military officers; representatives of the Joint Monitoring Committee (JMC) overseeing ceasefire compliance; delegates from political parties; signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) from various ethnic armed organizations; dedicated peace practitioners; international guests; diplomats from foreign embassies; scholars and experts; media personnel; officials from union ministries and organizations; university professors; association delegates; and researchers. The broad participation and vigorous dialogue clearly demonstrate the government and people’s strong, shared aspiration for peace.
Accordingly, the Chairman of the State Administration Council and Prime Minister, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, emphasized during these peace dialogues that, “Peace policies are the essence of the NCA and embody the accumulated wisdom gained through successive peacebuilding efforts. These are immutable truths that must be respected and upheld to consolidate the current peace process. Our ultimate national aspiration is to establish a ‘Union State’ founded on democracy and federalism.”
In light of this, despite the natural disasters confronting Myanmar and the internal and external sabotage threatening the unity of the Union, the government, military, and people are united – like a phoenix rising from the ashes – in their tireless efforts to strengthen the invaluable spirit of union. Together, we endeavour to transform the nation toward a brighter, more harmonious future.
Myanmar’s Future
The State Administration Council, grounded in the principle of a “Self-Reliance Policy,” is steadfastly working in close partnership with the people to build a prosperous and united Union of Myanmar. Looking ahead to December 2025, Myanmar is scheduled to hold a free and fair multiparty general election, representing a critical milestone in the ongoing pursuit of a federal democratic union.
The multiparty democratic system anticipated to emerge from this election is expected to facilitate the effective implementation of power-sharing and resource-sharing mechanisms through legislative institutions, thereby reinforcing the broader national peace process. Beyond its procedural significance, the election embodies the collective aspirations of the populace, representing a pivotal step toward inclusive governance and lasting stability.
The election holds the promise of revitalizing and advancing Myanmar’s distinct national identity, character, and core values, while laying the foundation for a future marked by inclusive growth and opportunity. Through this democratic process, Myanmar seeks to reaffirm its sovereign presence and articulate its national aspirations with clarity and dignity on the international stage.
The election will serve as a vibrant renaissance for Myanmar’s cherished values, restoring their brilliance to paint a hopeful future. The enhancement of these values is inseparable from the progress of Myanmar’s democratic development.
Given the current circumstances, this election cannot be regarded simply as routine. Rather, it represents the threshold to a future Union grounded firmly in democracy and federalism. Passing through this gateway, Myanmar will cultivate constructive political habits, resolving conflicts through dialogue and consensus-building around the political table, and will thus lay the foundations for unity and the elevation of national values.
The forthcoming election represents a critical juncture in Myanmar’s political trajectory, serving as a pivotal bridge toward the establishment of a democratic and federal Union. It may be aptly characterized as a ‘Gateway to Democracy,’ wherein collective aspirations coalesce to pave the way for a renewed and inclusive national future.
Myanmar’s Way — Myanmar’s Future
Myanmar’s path toward a stable and prosperous future is complex and fraught with challenges, requiring sustained commitment to navigate political, social, and economic obstacles while capitalising on emerging opportunities. At the heart of this endeavour lies the successful conduct of a free and fair multiparty democratic general election, which remains fundamental to the country’s democratic transition and long-term development.
As Myanmar progresses along its chosen trajectory toward the implementation of future national strategies, it is imperative to preserve and uphold the country’s historical legacy, foundational political values, economic potential, geographic centrality, religious and cultural heritage, and core social principles. Equally essential is the cultivation of a shared sense of civic responsibility, cooperation, social cohesion, and collective resilience among all citizens – elements that are indispensable to building a strong, unified, and enduring Union.
At this critical juncture, as Myanmar seeks to emerge from the turbulence of recent years, it is essential to embrace the rich diversity of its peoples and cultures as a foundation for national renewal. Advancing toward a stable, peaceful, and prosperous future will require a sustained commitment to inclusive development, harmonious coexistence, and the equitable pursuit of shared progress.
“To safeguard and breathe life into Myanmar’s timeless values and to honour the weight of its pivotal place on the world’s map, we must ignite a fierce patriotic flame and awaken the power of an Active Citizen. It is this very spirit that will rekindle the fading light of our cherished heritage, lifting ‘Myanmar values’ high once again – as we join hands and stride boldly toward the radiant dawn of our nation’s tomorrow.”
GNLM
“From the cool, soothing fragrance of Thanaka,
To the radiant blossoms of the twelve-season flowers’ petals,
From the tranquil currents of the Irrawaddy,
To the verdant majesty of the Yoma mountain ranges …
The strength of the Myanmar people
Lies deeply in our cherished heritage —
Anchored in the enduring values
Those who have shaped our nation through times.”
Bagan.
Myanmar is a nation imbued with a steadfast history and a rich tapestry of cultural traditions. From the radiant golden glow of the grand Shwedagon Pagoda to the serene, graceful flow of the Irrawaddy River, the identity of this land has been shaped through centuries by enduring customs and the quiet strength of its diverse ethnic peoples.
Indeed, the essence of Myanmar’s national character is revealed even within the very name of the country itself. The word “Myanmar” reflects a dual spirit — of agility and resilience. The syllable “Myan” signifies swiftness and harmony in movement, while “Mar” evokes strength, endurance, and the will to persevere. Together, they form a portrait of a people whose resilience is not merely inherited but deeply ingrained in a spirit that has weathered time, conflict, and change with unshakable grace.
Myanmar’s Thanaka is far more than a cosmetic that enhances the beauty and radiance of the skin. It is a symbol of purity, a shield against the sun’s harshness, and a living tradition passed reverently from one generation to the next. Just as Thanaka represents continuity and care, so too do the values of Myanmar refined cultural grace, unwavering unity, and resilient strength stand as enduring legacies that have been handed down and woven into the fabric of national identity.
These values, inherited across generations, are not mere abstractions; they have been forged into collective strength – an energy with which the people of Myanmar have met challenge after challenge, swiftly and steadfastly. Such is the essence of Myanmar’s Way: a path born of its soil and soul, authentically Myanmar, led by its people and shaped by its enduring wisdom (Myanmar-Led Myanmar Owned).
Through the tides of time, this nation has endured and emerged, rising from the shadows of colonial rule, navigating the turbulence of insurgency and unrest, and passing through eras marked by competing ideologies and political strife. And yet, in the aftermath of each storm, Myanmar has reemerged — like a radiant rainbow breaking through the clouds — rekindling hope, reaffirming identity, and writing anew the chronicles of a people who endure.
Historical Value
Myanmar stands as a nation distinguished on the world stage by its ancient civilization, remarkable historical heritage, and breathtaking natural beauty. It holds a unique and enduring place in global history, not merely for the longevity of its cultural lineage, but for the profound spirit woven into every era of its past.
From the glorious days of the Bagan Kingdom to the trials of colonial subjugation, through the determined struggle for independence and into the complexities of the modern era, this land has borne witness to a long and storied journey. These legacies are not relics of the past — they are mirrors reflecting the dignity, resilience, and identity of the Myanmar people.
Spanning thousands of years, Myanmar’s historical narrative encompasses the rise of cultures from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages, and onward to flourishing urban civilizations. Bagan, in particular, stands as a monumental testament to this cultural evolution, a beacon of artistic, spiritual, and political sophistication that continues to inspire and define the nation’s soul.
From the dawn of Tagaung, where the words “Tagaung Abhiyaza, of the noble Sakya lineage, we the sons of Myanmar” were first inscribed, to the resplendent eras of Tharaykhittaya, Bagan, Pinya, Sagaing, Inwa, Taungoo, Nyaungyan, and Konbaung, the people of Myanmar have, across centuries, reigned with sovereign pride, ruling from thrones of their own making, under crowns forged by their own will.
Throughout this long and enduring historical journey, generations of ancestors offered their blood and sacrifice to uphold the strength and sovereignty of the nation. The annals of history record their noble deeds of valour for independence, of devotion to self-rule, etched not in myth, but in the ink of real sacrifice, preserved faithfully through time.
The value of Myanmar’s history lies not merely in remembering the past, but in drawing lessons from it to shape the future. History is not a closed chapter; it is the foundation upon which vision is built. For us, the present generation, this legacy is a sacred trust, a duty to safeguard, to honour, and to carry forward as we strive to build a peaceful and prosperous nation.
Strategic Geographical Value
Myanmar’s geographic position commands profound significance. Situated at the crossroads of the Indochinese peninsula, it is uniquely poised, bordered to the east by the vast expanse of Asia, including the ASEAN nations and the Pacific Ocean, and to the west by the Indian Ocean along with the broader regions of South Asia.
In essence, Myanmar stands as a vital land bridge, linking two distinct continental regions and flanked by two great oceans. This position not only anchors Myanmar at the nexus of Asia and beyond but also imbues it with unparalleled geopolitical importance.
The country’s maritime connection to the Indian Ocean situates it at the very heart of global trade routes, serving as a critical junction among the continents of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Economically, this affords Myanmar an indispensable role in international commerce. Strategically, it elevates the nation to a position of considerable military and geopolitical relevance, making it a pivotal actor in regional security and global maritime dynamics.
Nestled at the confluence between South Asia and Southeast Asia, Myanmar has long stood as a pivotal hub for trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange – an enduring testament to its profound geopolitical value. The ancient capital of Bagan, adorned with countless pagodas, once served as a vibrant bridge of history and civilization connecting India, China, and Southeast Asia. It attracted scholars and merchants alike from across the region, weaving Myanmar into the fabric of continental dialogue and commerce.
Strategically positioned on the western edge of the vast Indochinese peninsula, Myanmar’s significance is not merely defined by its geography but is amplified by the abundance of its natural resources, extensive coastline, and access to both natural and man-made ports. Its river systems, fertile lands, proximity to key maritime trade routes, and multiple sea access points further enhance its status as a land of immense value.
This strategic geographic centrality calls upon every citizen of Myanmar to diligently safeguard and preserve these national assets. The people must harness this legacy with wisdom and foresight — transforming Myanmar’s geographic advantages into tangible progress that advances the collective prosperity and sovereignty of the nation.
Economic Value
Economics has long stood as one of Myanmar’s core pillars of national wealth and pride. Historically, Myanmar was renowned as the world’s largest exporter of rice, earning the distinguished title of the “Rice Bowl of Asia”. During the illustrious Bagan period (AD 949–1297), a sophisticated monetary system flourished, utilizing silver coins and ingots, and facilitating vibrant trade with India, China, and neighbouring Southeast Asian states.
Throughout the eras of Inwa, Hanthawaddy, and the Konbaung dynasty (14th to 19th centuries), vital commodities such as salt, teak, and spices dominated trade routes, expanding Myanmar’s commercial ties to Europe — particularly with Portuguese and Dutch traders — as were — as well as with India and China. From jade and precious stones to petroleum and natural gas, Myanmar’s abundant natural resources have secured its reputation as one of the wealthiest nations in Asia.
Today, revitalizing Myanmar’s economic value demands a multifaceted approach. Sustained growth in GDP, expansion of exports, industrial development, and the flourishing of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are essential. Equally crucial are the advancement of the agricultural sector and the stimulation of tourism — all of which must be pursued with deliberate momentum and coordinated effort to restore Myanmar’s rightful place as an economic powerhouse.
Faith, Religion and Cultural Value
Myanmar is a land where faith, spirituality, and cultural traditions have flourished for thousands of years. Throughout its long civilizational journey, the people of Myanmar have persistently preserved and lived in harmony with their religious beliefs and time-honoured cultural practices. Deeply rooted in the teachings of Theravāda Buddhism, Myanmar’s culture is built upon the timeless virtues of compassion, loving-kindness, goodwill, and faith — virtues that continue to bind communities together in unity and purpose.
This communal spirit is vividly reflected in the collective participation of citizens in traditional festivals and religious ceremonies, where devotion and togetherness converge in public expression. The honesty, loyalty, and gratitude that define the Myanmar character are not accidental traits, but values nurtured by the moral discipline and meditative traditions (Vāritta) upheld by generations of Buddhists.
Myanmar is recognized globally as one of the principal countries that embrace Theravāda Buddhism. Yet, it is also a nation that enshrines the freedom to worship — a land where diverse religious beliefs coexist with mutual respect. While Buddhists hold their faith in reverence, they are equally respectful of other beliefs, embracing religious plurality as a mark of cultural maturity.
This spirit of tolerance and spiritual freedom is enshrined in Myanmar’s 2008 Constitution, which guarantees not only political freedoms but also the right to religious liberty, affirming that the strength of a nation lies in the harmony of its beliefs and the dignity of its diversity.
The inscription of Myanmar’s ancient cities — Hanlin, Beikthano, Tharaykhittaya, and the magnificent cultural site of Bagan into the UNESCO World Heritage List stands as a resounding recognition of Myanmar’s cultural grandeur by the global community. This acknowledgement extends further with the Myanmar Thingyan Festival, now inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Soon, the traditional use of Thanaka, cherished for generations, is also expected to find its rightful place among the world’s safeguarded cultural treasures.
In addition, the State Administration Council has realized a profound vision by commissioning the creation of the Māravijaya Buddha Image — a masterwork of devotion and artistry, now acclaimed as the most intellectually profound stone-carved seated Buddha image in the world. This monumental endeavour not only attests to the flourishing of Theravāda Buddhism within Myanmar but also proclaims the nation’s spiritual brilliance to the world, affirming its role as a central pillar of the Theravāda tradition. It embodies aspirations for national serenity, global peace, and the preservation of sacred heritage.
(To Be Continued)
GNLM
“From the cool, soothing fragrance of Thanaka,
To the radiant blossoms of the twelve-season flowers’ petals,
From the tranquil currents of the Irrawaddy,
To the verdant majesty of the Yoma mountain ranges …
The strength of the Myanmar people
Lies deeply in our cherished heritage —
Anchored in the enduring values
Those who have shaped our nation through times.”
Bagan.
Myanmar is a nation imbued with a steadfast history and a rich tapestry of cultural traditions. From the radiant golden glow of the grand Shwedagon Pagoda to the serene, graceful flow of the Irrawaddy River, the identity of this land has been shaped through centuries by enduring customs and the quiet strength of its diverse ethnic peoples.
Indeed, the essence of Myanmar’s national character is revealed even within the very name of the country itself. The word “Myanmar” reflects a dual spirit — of agility and resilience. The syllable “Myan” signifies swiftness and harmony in movement, while “Mar” evokes strength, endurance, and the will to persevere. Together, they form a portrait of a people whose resilience is not merely inherited but deeply ingrained in a spirit that has weathered time, conflict, and change with unshakable grace.
Myanmar’s Thanaka is far more than a cosmetic that enhances the beauty and radiance of the skin. It is a symbol of purity, a shield against the sun’s harshness, and a living tradition passed reverently from one generation to the next. Just as Thanaka represents continuity and care, so too do the values of Myanmar refined cultural grace, unwavering unity, and resilient strength stand as enduring legacies that have been handed down and woven into the fabric of national identity.
These values, inherited across generations, are not mere abstractions; they have been forged into collective strength – an energy with which the people of Myanmar have met challenge after challenge, swiftly and steadfastly. Such is the essence of Myanmar’s Way: a path born of its soil and soul, authentically Myanmar, led by its people and shaped by its enduring wisdom (Myanmar-Led Myanmar Owned).
Through the tides of time, this nation has endured and emerged, rising from the shadows of colonial rule, navigating the turbulence of insurgency and unrest, and passing through eras marked by competing ideologies and political strife. And yet, in the aftermath of each storm, Myanmar has reemerged — like a radiant rainbow breaking through the clouds — rekindling hope, reaffirming identity, and writing anew the chronicles of a people who endure.
Historical Value
Myanmar stands as a nation distinguished on the world stage by its ancient civilization, remarkable historical heritage, and breathtaking natural beauty. It holds a unique and enduring place in global history, not merely for the longevity of its cultural lineage, but for the profound spirit woven into every era of its past.
From the glorious days of the Bagan Kingdom to the trials of colonial subjugation, through the determined struggle for independence and into the complexities of the modern era, this land has borne witness to a long and storied journey. These legacies are not relics of the past — they are mirrors reflecting the dignity, resilience, and identity of the Myanmar people.
Spanning thousands of years, Myanmar’s historical narrative encompasses the rise of cultures from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages, and onward to flourishing urban civilizations. Bagan, in particular, stands as a monumental testament to this cultural evolution, a beacon of artistic, spiritual, and political sophistication that continues to inspire and define the nation’s soul.
From the dawn of Tagaung, where the words “Tagaung Abhiyaza, of the noble Sakya lineage, we the sons of Myanmar” were first inscribed, to the resplendent eras of Tharaykhittaya, Bagan, Pinya, Sagaing, Inwa, Taungoo, Nyaungyan, and Konbaung, the people of Myanmar have, across centuries, reigned with sovereign pride, ruling from thrones of their own making, under crowns forged by their own will.
Throughout this long and enduring historical journey, generations of ancestors offered their blood and sacrifice to uphold the strength and sovereignty of the nation. The annals of history record their noble deeds of valour for independence, of devotion to self-rule, etched not in myth, but in the ink of real sacrifice, preserved faithfully through time.
The value of Myanmar’s history lies not merely in remembering the past, but in drawing lessons from it to shape the future. History is not a closed chapter; it is the foundation upon which vision is built. For us, the present generation, this legacy is a sacred trust, a duty to safeguard, to honour, and to carry forward as we strive to build a peaceful and prosperous nation.
Strategic Geographical Value
Myanmar’s geographic position commands profound significance. Situated at the crossroads of the Indochinese peninsula, it is uniquely poised, bordered to the east by the vast expanse of Asia, including the ASEAN nations and the Pacific Ocean, and to the west by the Indian Ocean along with the broader regions of South Asia.
In essence, Myanmar stands as a vital land bridge, linking two distinct continental regions and flanked by two great oceans. This position not only anchors Myanmar at the nexus of Asia and beyond but also imbues it with unparalleled geopolitical importance.
The country’s maritime connection to the Indian Ocean situates it at the very heart of global trade routes, serving as a critical junction among the continents of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Economically, this affords Myanmar an indispensable role in international commerce. Strategically, it elevates the nation to a position of considerable military and geopolitical relevance, making it a pivotal actor in regional security and global maritime dynamics.
Nestled at the confluence between South Asia and Southeast Asia, Myanmar has long stood as a pivotal hub for trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange – an enduring testament to its profound geopolitical value. The ancient capital of Bagan, adorned with countless pagodas, once served as a vibrant bridge of history and civilization connecting India, China, and Southeast Asia. It attracted scholars and merchants alike from across the region, weaving Myanmar into the fabric of continental dialogue and commerce.
Strategically positioned on the western edge of the vast Indochinese peninsula, Myanmar’s significance is not merely defined by its geography but is amplified by the abundance of its natural resources, extensive coastline, and access to both natural and man-made ports. Its river systems, fertile lands, proximity to key maritime trade routes, and multiple sea access points further enhance its status as a land of immense value.
This strategic geographic centrality calls upon every citizen of Myanmar to diligently safeguard and preserve these national assets. The people must harness this legacy with wisdom and foresight — transforming Myanmar’s geographic advantages into tangible progress that advances the collective prosperity and sovereignty of the nation.
Economic Value
Economics has long stood as one of Myanmar’s core pillars of national wealth and pride. Historically, Myanmar was renowned as the world’s largest exporter of rice, earning the distinguished title of the “Rice Bowl of Asia”. During the illustrious Bagan period (AD 949–1297), a sophisticated monetary system flourished, utilizing silver coins and ingots, and facilitating vibrant trade with India, China, and neighbouring Southeast Asian states.
Throughout the eras of Inwa, Hanthawaddy, and the Konbaung dynasty (14th to 19th centuries), vital commodities such as salt, teak, and spices dominated trade routes, expanding Myanmar’s commercial ties to Europe — particularly with Portuguese and Dutch traders — as were — as well as with India and China. From jade and precious stones to petroleum and natural gas, Myanmar’s abundant natural resources have secured its reputation as one of the wealthiest nations in Asia.
Today, revitalizing Myanmar’s economic value demands a multifaceted approach. Sustained growth in GDP, expansion of exports, industrial development, and the flourishing of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are essential. Equally crucial are the advancement of the agricultural sector and the stimulation of tourism — all of which must be pursued with deliberate momentum and coordinated effort to restore Myanmar’s rightful place as an economic powerhouse.
Faith, Religion and Cultural Value
Myanmar is a land where faith, spirituality, and cultural traditions have flourished for thousands of years. Throughout its long civilizational journey, the people of Myanmar have persistently preserved and lived in harmony with their religious beliefs and time-honoured cultural practices. Deeply rooted in the teachings of Theravāda Buddhism, Myanmar’s culture is built upon the timeless virtues of compassion, loving-kindness, goodwill, and faith — virtues that continue to bind communities together in unity and purpose.
This communal spirit is vividly reflected in the collective participation of citizens in traditional festivals and religious ceremonies, where devotion and togetherness converge in public expression. The honesty, loyalty, and gratitude that define the Myanmar character are not accidental traits, but values nurtured by the moral discipline and meditative traditions (Vāritta) upheld by generations of Buddhists.
Myanmar is recognized globally as one of the principal countries that embrace Theravāda Buddhism. Yet, it is also a nation that enshrines the freedom to worship — a land where diverse religious beliefs coexist with mutual respect. While Buddhists hold their faith in reverence, they are equally respectful of other beliefs, embracing religious plurality as a mark of cultural maturity.
This spirit of tolerance and spiritual freedom is enshrined in Myanmar’s 2008 Constitution, which guarantees not only political freedoms but also the right to religious liberty, affirming that the strength of a nation lies in the harmony of its beliefs and the dignity of its diversity.
The inscription of Myanmar’s ancient cities — Hanlin, Beikthano, Tharaykhittaya, and the magnificent cultural site of Bagan into the UNESCO World Heritage List stands as a resounding recognition of Myanmar’s cultural grandeur by the global community. This acknowledgement extends further with the Myanmar Thingyan Festival, now inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Soon, the traditional use of Thanaka, cherished for generations, is also expected to find its rightful place among the world’s safeguarded cultural treasures.
In addition, the State Administration Council has realized a profound vision by commissioning the creation of the Māravijaya Buddha Image — a masterwork of devotion and artistry, now acclaimed as the most intellectually profound stone-carved seated Buddha image in the world. This monumental endeavour not only attests to the flourishing of Theravāda Buddhism within Myanmar but also proclaims the nation’s spiritual brilliance to the world, affirming its role as a central pillar of the Theravāda tradition. It embodies aspirations for national serenity, global peace, and the preservation of sacred heritage.
(To Be Continued)
GNLM
Myanmar women have preserved the noble traditions and customs from generation to generation. The efforts of these women in safeguarding such traditions are also prominently reflected in the literature that emerged across different eras.
According to the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, number of women accounted for approximately 29.4 million out of the total population of around 56.2 million, indicating that more than half of the country’s population is women. Being a Union made up of over 100 different ethnic groups, Myanmar is home to a wide diversity of traditional cultures, customs, languages, dress, historical backgrounds, and geographical features.
In the present day, Myanmar women not only shoulder the traditional role of household responsibilities, but also keep abreast with men in contributing to both personal and social progress. As women are considered a vulnerable group, it is essential to protect and nurture their lives, ensuring their well-being and empowerment. At the same time, their rights and livelihoods must be safeguarded and promoted, particularly in the areas of education, healthcare, economy, social development, and overall security for young women. Women themselves must also strive to preserve and uphold the dignity and value of womanhood.
An important aspect for Myanmar women is the preservation of their ethnic traditions, cultural customs, national pride, and dignity. These values must be safeguarded to ensure that they are neither diminished nor lost. Therefore, it is essential to continuously foster a mindset that cherishes and values the lives of women, promoting a spirit of respect, pride, and cultural identity throughout their lives. Myanmar people should know their tradition and culture and should not value others’ cultures while preserving their tradition and culture, and this includes traditional dress and customs.
Myanmar girls and women wore traditional garments such as Yin Phone and longyi, following the attitudes of their parents. They gracefully wear Myanmar traditional dress at religious events, pagoda festivals and donation events. However, some young people may be considered reckless for wearing skirts, shorts and long pants in ways that may damage Myanmar culture.
Myanmar women are the rising stars of the future, and they should wear safe and fine dresses as they are living in a country with the proclamation of Buddhism. Moreover, they can be known as Myanmar by the tourists whenever they see them wearing a Myanmar dress.
Myanmar girls serve as role models in preserving traditional cultural heritage by wearing Yin Phone and longyi. Naturally calm and composed, Myanmar women are also known for their gentle and graceful demeanour, which contributes to their dignified feminine charm.
Therefore, from major cities to rural areas, Myanmar’s traditional cultural heritage should be preserved. The beauty of traditional attire and customs, which deserves to be honoured as a form of cultural art, should be portrayed by artists as a masterpiece delicately painted with the skilled brushstrokes of Myanmar culture.
Just as Myanmar women rightfully possess the tradition of wearing cultural attire, they should also uphold modesty and a sense of decency in how they dress. Their clothing should be neither too plain nor overly extravagant, neither outdated nor excessively modern. By wearing traditional Myanmar dress, which is most pleasing to the eye, heartwarming to the soul, and rich in elegance and dignity, they help preserve the beauty and cultural heritage of Myanmar women today and pass it down as a cherished legacy to future generations of young girls. This article is created in honour of the Myanmar Women’s Day, which will fall on 3 July 2025.
Translated by KTZH
Source: GNLM
Myanmar women have preserved the noble traditions and customs from generation to generation. The efforts of these women in safeguarding such traditions are also prominently reflected in the literature that emerged across different eras.
According to the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, number of women accounted for approximately 29.4 million out of the total population of around 56.2 million, indicating that more than half of the country’s population is women. Being a Union made up of over 100 different ethnic groups, Myanmar is home to a wide diversity of traditional cultures, customs, languages, dress, historical backgrounds, and geographical features.
In the present day, Myanmar women not only shoulder the traditional role of household responsibilities, but also keep abreast with men in contributing to both personal and social progress. As women are considered a vulnerable group, it is essential to protect and nurture their lives, ensuring their well-being and empowerment. At the same time, their rights and livelihoods must be safeguarded and promoted, particularly in the areas of education, healthcare, economy, social development, and overall security for young women. Women themselves must also strive to preserve and uphold the dignity and value of womanhood.
An important aspect for Myanmar women is the preservation of their ethnic traditions, cultural customs, national pride, and dignity. These values must be safeguarded to ensure that they are neither diminished nor lost. Therefore, it is essential to continuously foster a mindset that cherishes and values the lives of women, promoting a spirit of respect, pride, and cultural identity throughout their lives. Myanmar people should know their tradition and culture and should not value others’ cultures while preserving their tradition and culture, and this includes traditional dress and customs.
Myanmar girls and women wore traditional garments such as Yin Phone and longyi, following the attitudes of their parents. They gracefully wear Myanmar traditional dress at religious events, pagoda festivals and donation events. However, some young people may be considered reckless for wearing skirts, shorts and long pants in ways that may damage Myanmar culture.
Myanmar women are the rising stars of the future, and they should wear safe and fine dresses as they are living in a country with the proclamation of Buddhism. Moreover, they can be known as Myanmar by the tourists whenever they see them wearing a Myanmar dress.
Myanmar girls serve as role models in preserving traditional cultural heritage by wearing Yin Phone and longyi. Naturally calm and composed, Myanmar women are also known for their gentle and graceful demeanour, which contributes to their dignified feminine charm.
Therefore, from major cities to rural areas, Myanmar’s traditional cultural heritage should be preserved. The beauty of traditional attire and customs, which deserves to be honoured as a form of cultural art, should be portrayed by artists as a masterpiece delicately painted with the skilled brushstrokes of Myanmar culture.
Just as Myanmar women rightfully possess the tradition of wearing cultural attire, they should also uphold modesty and a sense of decency in how they dress. Their clothing should be neither too plain nor overly extravagant, neither outdated nor excessively modern. By wearing traditional Myanmar dress, which is most pleasing to the eye, heartwarming to the soul, and rich in elegance and dignity, they help preserve the beauty and cultural heritage of Myanmar women today and pass it down as a cherished legacy to future generations of young girls. This article is created in honour of the Myanmar Women’s Day, which will fall on 3 July 2025.
Translated by KTZH
Source: GNLM
Mass media is broadly used to raise awareness and appreciation of Myanmar’s Thanaka cultural practice and concerted efforts are being exerted to submit nomination proposal of Myanmar’s Thanaka cultural practice by March 2025 to be inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
I was so ecstatic when I heard about those cultural awareness campaigns of Myanmar’s Thanaka that is the legacy of intangible attributes of Myanmar people to safeguard it for future generations and to be submitted for UNESCO’s cultural heritage inscription. I have been a big fan of Thanka who traditionally applies Thanaka to the face since I was young. Therefore, I was overwhelmed by delight. I will be carried away with euphoria when UNESCO adds it to its Intangible Cultural Heritage List.
Myanmar’s Thanaka culture has been passed down from past generations. It can be profoundly traced in the murals of temples in Gyubyaukgyi Temple founded in AD 1113 in Bagan ancient cultural heritage site and Sulamani Temple founded in AD 1183 and murals of other temples.
Additionally, Thanaka applying tradition passing down through generations can be remarkably found in earliest works of literature, stories, poems and folk songs, including mawgun, eigyin, pyo, kagyin, maunghtaung, Lamai peasant girls’ poem and songs, representing deeper symbolic meaning related to the cultural value and tradition rooted for thousand years.
Myanmar people annually celebrate the Thanaka Festival from the full moon of Thadingyut to the full moon of Tazaungdine (31 October to 29 November) beyond the 12-month festival traditions.
Village girls and ladies from Khetthin village in the north of Singu town, Mandalay Region apply Thanaka and Thanaka powder put in bronze cup to pilgrims who flock to Shwe Taung Oo mountain pagoda during the full moon of Thadingyut, signifying unique and beautiful Myanmar’s Thanaka culture.
The word Thanaka, previously called Thana-ka, is derived from Thana (dirt) and Ka (clearing or removing), meaning removing the dirt. Thanaka is a paste made from ground bark which commonly applies to Myanmar people for sun protection, perfume and beauty purposes. It is believed to show a distinct feature of Myanmar people. This natural cosmetic has cooling and soothing effects with good properties for skin. Thanaka is highly admired by Myanmar’s royal courts to peasant ladies nowadays. Other parts of Thanaka tree also have medicinal effects.
Thanaka is credited with medicinal benefits with a warm effect in winter and cooling sensation during hot winter to reduce body heat. This traditional product is highly appreciated and cherished by the whole nation regardless of ages and genders.
Myanmar elder people usually talks about the three basic values (Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha), paying respect to parents and teachers and fostering patriotism towards one’s nation and other inspirational and motivational messages while applying Thanaka to younger people, passing down traditions to younger generations and representing signs of the devotion, respect and love.
Moreover, Thanaka incense is offered to Buddha during ritual face washing ceremonies at Mandalay MahaMyatmuni Temple and Aungtawmu Pagoda in the early morning, unifying symbols of cultural pride and drawing a daily crowd of devotees.
Thanaka can be found in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Myanmar and Pakistan. Myanmar’s Thanaka is of premium quality with pleasant and unique fragrance. Shinmataung and Shwebo Thanaka varieties are the most popular among them. Applying Shwebo Thanaka gives one smooth skin and yellowish beauty unlike Shinmataung Thanaka having a sweet and pleasant smell.
Beyond beauty purposes, the whole Thanaka trees (fruits, root, stem, leaves) have good properties and medicinal benefits. Shwepyinan Company established Thanaka museum in NyaungU city in order to disseminate information of Thanaka culture among young communities and conserve cultural heritage. Myanmar Thanaka Planters and Producers Association was formed on 11 November 2017 in order to safeguard cultural heritage and penetrate Thanaka to international markets and raise public awareness in cooperation with non-governmental organization Helvetas Myanmar.
The association organizes Thanaka beauty pageants, Thanaka trade fair and Myanmar Thanaka Day events to pass Thanaka culture on to the next generation and increase admiration for Thanaka.
Thanaka Day was marked on the full moon day of Tabodwe, connecting Buddhist’s tradition of offering light and Thanaka incense to Buddha. Events related to Thanaka including talk shows, distributing pamphlets, donation and offering Thanaka paste to Buddha are held in the precinct of Pagoda on the Thanaka Day.
The association’s statistics indicated that there are 323,000 acres of Thanaka in Myanmar. The association comprises growers and traders from Ayartaw, Shwebo, Kantbalu, Monywa, Myinmu, Butalin, Kanni, Yinmabin, Pakokku, Myaing, Yesagyo, Pauk, Sittway and Langkho areas and companies from big cities like Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw. Stakeholders involved in the Thanaka supply chain are exerting continuous efforts to produce value-added Thanaka products that were commercially valued in international markets and preserving this heritage and passing it on to future generations through documentation, education, community engagement and revitalization maintaining core values and cultural identity.
Myanmar Thanaka culture has existed for thousands of years. The earliest discovery of applying the Thanaka tradition is back in the Bagan Dynasty. The poems written by King Yazadariz’s sprouse (poet) in 14th century and Shin Ratthasara, monk and prominent poet in 15th century invoked Thanaka culture in literary work.
Furthermore, some communities have traditions of holding the Thanaka Grinding Festival on the first day of the Thingyan Festival and Buddha statues are washed by Thanaka paste, preserving universal value.
Literary works in Bagan, Pyu dynasties captured the essence of Myanmar Thanaka culture, providing a rich source of Thanaka value and traditions of Myanmar people wearing it throughout history.
Inscriptions on Kyaukpyin stone slab note the name of King Bayintnaung’s daughter Princess Dartukalaya, placed at Shwemadaw Pagoda, revealing the solid culture of Thanaka in Taungoo dynasty.
Thanaka supplied to court in King Alaungpaya Dynasty were sourced from Kaput village two miles away from the south of Thihataw Pagoda in KhinU Township, Shwebo District, indicating a notable history of Thanaka again.
Consequently, Myanmar Thanaka that people of all ages and gender cherish and apply to face and body portrayed the significance of the heritage throughout history. Myanmar people are committed to preserving and promoting its culture by holding festivals stimulating community engagement and keeping inventory of Thanaka heritage passing through generations. Literary works and social events describing Myanmar Thanaka tradition act as a window to Myanmar’s intangible cultural heritage. I would like to express my deep respect to those endeavouring to submit nomination of Thanaka as a cultural element by March 2025 to be inscribed on the UNESCO’s list.
If Myanmar’s Thanaka culture and tradition that has dominated for thousand years is recognized and listed by UNESCO, it will be national pride and identity. I hereby would like to appreciate their genuine and continuous efforts with Myanmar Thanaka promotion and cultural awareness campaigns. I am praying from my heart for Myanmar Thanaka to move forward to achieve UNESCO’s inscription.
Translated by KK
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
Mass media is broadly used to raise awareness and appreciation of Myanmar’s Thanaka cultural practice and concerted efforts are being exerted to submit nomination proposal of Myanmar’s Thanaka cultural practice by March 2025 to be inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
I was so ecstatic when I heard about those cultural awareness campaigns of Myanmar’s Thanaka that is the legacy of intangible attributes of Myanmar people to safeguard it for future generations and to be submitted for UNESCO’s cultural heritage inscription. I have been a big fan of Thanka who traditionally applies Thanaka to the face since I was young. Therefore, I was overwhelmed by delight. I will be carried away with euphoria when UNESCO adds it to its Intangible Cultural Heritage List.
Myanmar’s Thanaka culture has been passed down from past generations. It can be profoundly traced in the murals of temples in Gyubyaukgyi Temple founded in AD 1113 in Bagan ancient cultural heritage site and Sulamani Temple founded in AD 1183 and murals of other temples.
Additionally, Thanaka applying tradition passing down through generations can be remarkably found in earliest works of literature, stories, poems and folk songs, including mawgun, eigyin, pyo, kagyin, maunghtaung, Lamai peasant girls’ poem and songs, representing deeper symbolic meaning related to the cultural value and tradition rooted for thousand years.
Myanmar people annually celebrate the Thanaka Festival from the full moon of Thadingyut to the full moon of Tazaungdine (31 October to 29 November) beyond the 12-month festival traditions.
Village girls and ladies from Khetthin village in the north of Singu town, Mandalay Region apply Thanaka and Thanaka powder put in bronze cup to pilgrims who flock to Shwe Taung Oo mountain pagoda during the full moon of Thadingyut, signifying unique and beautiful Myanmar’s Thanaka culture.
The word Thanaka, previously called Thana-ka, is derived from Thana (dirt) and Ka (clearing or removing), meaning removing the dirt. Thanaka is a paste made from ground bark which commonly applies to Myanmar people for sun protection, perfume and beauty purposes. It is believed to show a distinct feature of Myanmar people. This natural cosmetic has cooling and soothing effects with good properties for skin. Thanaka is highly admired by Myanmar’s royal courts to peasant ladies nowadays. Other parts of Thanaka tree also have medicinal effects.
Thanaka is credited with medicinal benefits with a warm effect in winter and cooling sensation during hot winter to reduce body heat. This traditional product is highly appreciated and cherished by the whole nation regardless of ages and genders.
Myanmar elder people usually talks about the three basic values (Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha), paying respect to parents and teachers and fostering patriotism towards one’s nation and other inspirational and motivational messages while applying Thanaka to younger people, passing down traditions to younger generations and representing signs of the devotion, respect and love.
Moreover, Thanaka incense is offered to Buddha during ritual face washing ceremonies at Mandalay MahaMyatmuni Temple and Aungtawmu Pagoda in the early morning, unifying symbols of cultural pride and drawing a daily crowd of devotees.
Thanaka can be found in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Myanmar and Pakistan. Myanmar’s Thanaka is of premium quality with pleasant and unique fragrance. Shinmataung and Shwebo Thanaka varieties are the most popular among them. Applying Shwebo Thanaka gives one smooth skin and yellowish beauty unlike Shinmataung Thanaka having a sweet and pleasant smell.
Beyond beauty purposes, the whole Thanaka trees (fruits, root, stem, leaves) have good properties and medicinal benefits. Shwepyinan Company established Thanaka museum in NyaungU city in order to disseminate information of Thanaka culture among young communities and conserve cultural heritage. Myanmar Thanaka Planters and Producers Association was formed on 11 November 2017 in order to safeguard cultural heritage and penetrate Thanaka to international markets and raise public awareness in cooperation with non-governmental organization Helvetas Myanmar.
The association organizes Thanaka beauty pageants, Thanaka trade fair and Myanmar Thanaka Day events to pass Thanaka culture on to the next generation and increase admiration for Thanaka.
Thanaka Day was marked on the full moon day of Tabodwe, connecting Buddhist’s tradition of offering light and Thanaka incense to Buddha. Events related to Thanaka including talk shows, distributing pamphlets, donation and offering Thanaka paste to Buddha are held in the precinct of Pagoda on the Thanaka Day.
The association’s statistics indicated that there are 323,000 acres of Thanaka in Myanmar. The association comprises growers and traders from Ayartaw, Shwebo, Kantbalu, Monywa, Myinmu, Butalin, Kanni, Yinmabin, Pakokku, Myaing, Yesagyo, Pauk, Sittway and Langkho areas and companies from big cities like Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw. Stakeholders involved in the Thanaka supply chain are exerting continuous efforts to produce value-added Thanaka products that were commercially valued in international markets and preserving this heritage and passing it on to future generations through documentation, education, community engagement and revitalization maintaining core values and cultural identity.
Myanmar Thanaka culture has existed for thousands of years. The earliest discovery of applying the Thanaka tradition is back in the Bagan Dynasty. The poems written by King Yazadariz’s sprouse (poet) in 14th century and Shin Ratthasara, monk and prominent poet in 15th century invoked Thanaka culture in literary work.
Furthermore, some communities have traditions of holding the Thanaka Grinding Festival on the first day of the Thingyan Festival and Buddha statues are washed by Thanaka paste, preserving universal value.
Literary works in Bagan, Pyu dynasties captured the essence of Myanmar Thanaka culture, providing a rich source of Thanaka value and traditions of Myanmar people wearing it throughout history.
Inscriptions on Kyaukpyin stone slab note the name of King Bayintnaung’s daughter Princess Dartukalaya, placed at Shwemadaw Pagoda, revealing the solid culture of Thanaka in Taungoo dynasty.
Thanaka supplied to court in King Alaungpaya Dynasty were sourced from Kaput village two miles away from the south of Thihataw Pagoda in KhinU Township, Shwebo District, indicating a notable history of Thanaka again.
Consequently, Myanmar Thanaka that people of all ages and gender cherish and apply to face and body portrayed the significance of the heritage throughout history. Myanmar people are committed to preserving and promoting its culture by holding festivals stimulating community engagement and keeping inventory of Thanaka heritage passing through generations. Literary works and social events describing Myanmar Thanaka tradition act as a window to Myanmar’s intangible cultural heritage. I would like to express my deep respect to those endeavouring to submit nomination of Thanaka as a cultural element by March 2025 to be inscribed on the UNESCO’s list.
If Myanmar’s Thanaka culture and tradition that has dominated for thousand years is recognized and listed by UNESCO, it will be national pride and identity. I hereby would like to appreciate their genuine and continuous efforts with Myanmar Thanaka promotion and cultural awareness campaigns. I am praying from my heart for Myanmar Thanaka to move forward to achieve UNESCO’s inscription.
Translated by KK
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
I read a very interesting topic in the Global New Light of Myanmar newspaper and this topic is preparation for the submission of the Myanma Thanaka cultural tradition to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity before March 2025, educational programmes on Thanaka culture are being conducted throughout February at museums and libraries under the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture.
Thanaka is an iconic symbol of Myanmar’s cultural heritage, deeply interlaced into the country’s history, identity, and daily life. For centuries, it has been used as a beauty treatment, sunscreen, and even as a cultural expression of status. The value of Thanaka extends beyond its physical benefits; it holds significant cultural, social, and historical importance to the people of Myanmar. In this essay, we will explore the various dimensions of Thanaka’s value, from its uses in daily life to its role in traditional practices and its symbolic importance.
Historical and Cultural Significance: Thanaka has been a part of Myanmar’s culture for over two thousand years. The tradition of using Thanaka is thought to date back to the Bagan period (around the 11th century AD). It is believed that the earliest use of Thanaka was in the royal courts, where it was applied as a sign of beauty and purity. Over time, this practice spread to all levels of society, and Thanaka became a main feature of Myanmar’s cultural landscape.
The name “Thanaka” refers to the paste made from the powdered bark of the Thanaka tree, which is native to Myanmar and parts of neighbouring Thailand and Laos. The bark is ground into a fine powder, mixed with water, and applied to the face and sometimes the body. The geometric patterns created by the paste are both artistic and practical, reflecting the balance between beauty and function in Myanmar society.
Practical Uses of Thanaka: One of the most important values of Thanaka lies in its practical benefits. It has been used for centuries as a natural skincare product. The paste has cooling properties and helps to protect the skin from the harsh tropical sun, preventing sunburns and skin damage. In a country like Myanmar, where the climate can be extremely hot and sunny, Thanaka serves as an important protective agent against the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
In addition to its sun protection benefits, Thanaka has been credited with having anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-ageing properties. It is often used to treat skin conditions like acne, rashes, and blemishes. Many people apply it regularly, not only for its protective effects but also for its potential to improve the skin’s appearance, making it smooth and healthy.
Thanaka’s cooling sensation makes it especially desirable during the summer months. It is common for people, especially women and children, to wear Thanaka as a facial mask to reduce the discomfort of the heat. In rural areas, the tradition of applying Thanaka is especially prevalent, where the natural product is easily accessible and commonly used in everyday life.
Health Benefits of Thanaka: Applied over the cheeks, nose, and neck, Thanaka doubles as both a cosmetic beauty product and a skincare regimen. Marmesin, one of its active ingredients, acts as a natural sunblock against the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays while also providing a refreshing, cooling effect in hot weather.
Symbolic and Social Importance: Thanaka also carries deep symbolic significance. It has become a defining feature of Myanmar’s national identity. When one thinks of the traditional appearance of the Myanmar people, the image of individuals with their faces painted with Thanaka paste is almost universally recognized. This simple yet characteristic practice speaks to a cultural unity that transcends class, gender, and age. In fact, it is a universal symbol of Myanmar’s indigenous heritage, connecting people across generations.
Economic and Environmental Value: Beyond its cultural and social importance, Thanaka also holds economic and environmental value. The production of Thanaka offers economic opportunities for people in rural areas, where Thanaka trees are grown and harvested. Environmentally, the Thanaka tree is also an essential part of the landscape in Myanmar. Thanaka cultivation promotes the growth of trees that provide shade, help preserve biodiversity, and prevent soil erosion. The tree itself is considered a renewable resource, as it can be harvested sustainably, providing both economic and ecological benefits to the local communities.
Moreover, the value of Thanaka in Myanmar is multi-faceted, encompassing its practical benefits for skin care, its role as a cultural and social marker, and its historical and economic importance. This simple paste of powdered bark carries with its centuries of tradition, offering a glimpse into the country’s rich heritage and its deep connection to the natural world. Moreover, Thanaka serves as a protective skincare product, a symbol of beauty, or a reflection of national identity. And it also holds a valuable place in the hearts and minds of the Myanmar people.
References
– Global New Light of Myanmar Newspaper (14 February 2025)
– https://heritage-line.com/magazine/thanaka-the-secret-to-burmese-beauty
– https://myanmartravel.com/thanaka-in-myanmar
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
I read a very interesting topic in the Global New Light of Myanmar newspaper and this topic is preparation for the submission of the Myanma Thanaka cultural tradition to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity before March 2025, educational programmes on Thanaka culture are being conducted throughout February at museums and libraries under the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture.
Thanaka is an iconic symbol of Myanmar’s cultural heritage, deeply interlaced into the country’s history, identity, and daily life. For centuries, it has been used as a beauty treatment, sunscreen, and even as a cultural expression of status. The value of Thanaka extends beyond its physical benefits; it holds significant cultural, social, and historical importance to the people of Myanmar. In this essay, we will explore the various dimensions of Thanaka’s value, from its uses in daily life to its role in traditional practices and its symbolic importance.
Historical and Cultural Significance: Thanaka has been a part of Myanmar’s culture for over two thousand years. The tradition of using Thanaka is thought to date back to the Bagan period (around the 11th century AD). It is believed that the earliest use of Thanaka was in the royal courts, where it was applied as a sign of beauty and purity. Over time, this practice spread to all levels of society, and Thanaka became a main feature of Myanmar’s cultural landscape.
The name “Thanaka” refers to the paste made from the powdered bark of the Thanaka tree, which is native to Myanmar and parts of neighbouring Thailand and Laos. The bark is ground into a fine powder, mixed with water, and applied to the face and sometimes the body. The geometric patterns created by the paste are both artistic and practical, reflecting the balance between beauty and function in Myanmar society.
Practical Uses of Thanaka: One of the most important values of Thanaka lies in its practical benefits. It has been used for centuries as a natural skincare product. The paste has cooling properties and helps to protect the skin from the harsh tropical sun, preventing sunburns and skin damage. In a country like Myanmar, where the climate can be extremely hot and sunny, Thanaka serves as an important protective agent against the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
In addition to its sun protection benefits, Thanaka has been credited with having anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-ageing properties. It is often used to treat skin conditions like acne, rashes, and blemishes. Many people apply it regularly, not only for its protective effects but also for its potential to improve the skin’s appearance, making it smooth and healthy.
Thanaka’s cooling sensation makes it especially desirable during the summer months. It is common for people, especially women and children, to wear Thanaka as a facial mask to reduce the discomfort of the heat. In rural areas, the tradition of applying Thanaka is especially prevalent, where the natural product is easily accessible and commonly used in everyday life.
Health Benefits of Thanaka: Applied over the cheeks, nose, and neck, Thanaka doubles as both a cosmetic beauty product and a skincare regimen. Marmesin, one of its active ingredients, acts as a natural sunblock against the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays while also providing a refreshing, cooling effect in hot weather.
Symbolic and Social Importance: Thanaka also carries deep symbolic significance. It has become a defining feature of Myanmar’s national identity. When one thinks of the traditional appearance of the Myanmar people, the image of individuals with their faces painted with Thanaka paste is almost universally recognized. This simple yet characteristic practice speaks to a cultural unity that transcends class, gender, and age. In fact, it is a universal symbol of Myanmar’s indigenous heritage, connecting people across generations.
Economic and Environmental Value: Beyond its cultural and social importance, Thanaka also holds economic and environmental value. The production of Thanaka offers economic opportunities for people in rural areas, where Thanaka trees are grown and harvested. Environmentally, the Thanaka tree is also an essential part of the landscape in Myanmar. Thanaka cultivation promotes the growth of trees that provide shade, help preserve biodiversity, and prevent soil erosion. The tree itself is considered a renewable resource, as it can be harvested sustainably, providing both economic and ecological benefits to the local communities.
Moreover, the value of Thanaka in Myanmar is multi-faceted, encompassing its practical benefits for skin care, its role as a cultural and social marker, and its historical and economic importance. This simple paste of powdered bark carries with its centuries of tradition, offering a glimpse into the country’s rich heritage and its deep connection to the natural world. Moreover, Thanaka serves as a protective skincare product, a symbol of beauty, or a reflection of national identity. And it also holds a valuable place in the hearts and minds of the Myanmar people.
References
– Global New Light of Myanmar Newspaper (14 February 2025)
– https://heritage-line.com/magazine/thanaka-the-secret-to-burmese-beauty
– https://myanmartravel.com/thanaka-in-myanmar
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
MILLIONS of people from the world including the Chinese dwell in the caves. They lived in the caves for several reasons. No need to pay taxes for the poor people, so they live in the caves. Others dwell on fashion. Over 5,000 years ago in China, Chinese culture started to develop. They dug the sand and created caves in the Yellow River region and lived. Nowadays the people from that region are living in the caves for the cost of cheap. Besides the weather is warm in the winter and cold in the summer.
Millions of people from the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi lived in caves. As the Chinese become rich, they plan to live comfortably in the caves. They decorated the caves with modern precious things. They curved the caves where they lived and sculpted the Buddha stupas in the caves. The amazing sculptures are in Dunhuang, situated in Gansu province. The trains which carried camels, rested in Dunhuang before they went to the Taklamakan Desert. To pay homage that carved the walls of caves, the merchants must pay tax. Colourful wood carvings are beautified in the walls of the cave.
At that time the experts’ sculptures and the art of wood carving had appeared. Plenty of years ago wood carvings were in the caves
and the entrances of caves are covered with sand. In 1920, Aurel Stein from Britain dug this sand. He kept Buddha images and Bibles from the deserts. The visitors from abroad arrived and watched the colourful paintings and wood carvings and bought. So, they acquired a lot of money. The ancient cave is located in Jiaohe, east of China. That cave is near Turpan and it was dug from earth. It has temples, government offices and a jail. Jail is not damaged till nowadays. At this moment the people who live in the caves of China repair the caves to be beautiful and modernized.
The new buildings that are located in the Granada region are worth nearly 100,000 American dollars. On the Sierra Nevada hills that are situated in Guadix, people made caves and about 5,000 people live in these caves. People constructed houses, stores, and hotels in the caves that are located in the North of Spain.
Lately, in the 21st century, more people lived in caves. To prevent heat, people lived in caves at Coober Pedy in Australia. Agates are found in Coober Pedy. People lived in the caves and searched agates. They found agates, so they made a bathroom, and sofa in the living room. About 3000 people lived in Coober. Tourists visited Coober Pedy and excursed under Coober Pedy. They bought agate rings and lockets. The merchants of that city became rich by selling agates. Chinese merchants from Hong Kong made agate rings and lockets and sold them to jewel shops.
There are many famous caves in Myanmar. The most famous cave is the Kaba Aye Cave in Yangon. It is a Sasananika building. The monks teach Bibles to young monks, nuns and people. It is a place of performing good merit. Many donations had done in that cave. In the compound of the cave, there are many buildings of monks to teach the bible.
I and my brother also learned Abhidhamma and other Buddhist languages from Sayadaws. There are many astonished caves in Taunggyi. When I was young, I went with my elder sister and other relatives to Taunggyi.
We visited one of the astonished and fearful caves. Its name is Kyat Cave. It is a big and long cave. Villagers took firesticks and went into the cave. They said that anyone could not go to the end of the cave. The person who tried to go to the end of the cave is not alive. They also told me the exit of the cave was in another country. My elder sister shouted and told me not to see the walls of the cave.
But I looked at the walls of the cave. Oh! How horrible things are curved in the walls of the caves. There are many skulls, witches and devils carved into the walls of the cave. Besides there are many coffins in the cave. Coffins are six feet long. There are many tales about the cave. Alibaba and 500 thieves. The princess and the harpist loving tale. When the king knew his daughter was loved by a harpist and lived in the cave, the angry king closed the entrance of the cave with a rock.
The cave had on existing. They gave their lives for their love. The famous singer Daw Tin Tin Mya sang about that. The title of this song is “Tawagu”. The song is very popular nowadays. Long ago there was a famous cave where 500 bats lived in this cave. When they heard Buddha’s sermons and after they died, they reached the deva. So, we should listen to the sermon. Another famous is Akauk Taung. Akauk Taung is a mountain extending from Pyay District to Hinthada District, renowned for its numerous ancient Buddha images carved into the rock wall along the Ayeyawady River bank. Historically, the mountain served as a tollgate for passing boats and ships. Artisans carved the mountain walls, resulting in 370 Buddha images depicted in various positions standing, sitting and lying.
Most of these Buddha images date back to the Konbaung era, with some originating from the Inwa era. Therefore astonishing, beautiful and fearful caves are around the world. Good people live in the caves to do good things. They pay good benefits for the people and creatures, but bad and wicked people live in the caves to do evil things. They stay in the caves and hide money, and jewels when they get from theft. I pay homage to the Buddha to disappear the worst people from the world, so the people can live safely and peacefully.
Reference: Gimme Shelter, HPH World, 21 June 2007.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
MILLIONS of people from the world including the Chinese dwell in the caves. They lived in the caves for several reasons. No need to pay taxes for the poor people, so they live in the caves. Others dwell on fashion. Over 5,000 years ago in China, Chinese culture started to develop. They dug the sand and created caves in the Yellow River region and lived. Nowadays the people from that region are living in the caves for the cost of cheap. Besides the weather is warm in the winter and cold in the summer.
Millions of people from the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi lived in caves. As the Chinese become rich, they plan to live comfortably in the caves. They decorated the caves with modern precious things. They curved the caves where they lived and sculpted the Buddha stupas in the caves. The amazing sculptures are in Dunhuang, situated in Gansu province. The trains which carried camels, rested in Dunhuang before they went to the Taklamakan Desert. To pay homage that carved the walls of caves, the merchants must pay tax. Colourful wood carvings are beautified in the walls of the cave.
At that time the experts’ sculptures and the art of wood carving had appeared. Plenty of years ago wood carvings were in the caves
and the entrances of caves are covered with sand. In 1920, Aurel Stein from Britain dug this sand. He kept Buddha images and Bibles from the deserts. The visitors from abroad arrived and watched the colourful paintings and wood carvings and bought. So, they acquired a lot of money. The ancient cave is located in Jiaohe, east of China. That cave is near Turpan and it was dug from earth. It has temples, government offices and a jail. Jail is not damaged till nowadays. At this moment the people who live in the caves of China repair the caves to be beautiful and modernized.
The new buildings that are located in the Granada region are worth nearly 100,000 American dollars. On the Sierra Nevada hills that are situated in Guadix, people made caves and about 5,000 people live in these caves. People constructed houses, stores, and hotels in the caves that are located in the North of Spain.
Lately, in the 21st century, more people lived in caves. To prevent heat, people lived in caves at Coober Pedy in Australia. Agates are found in Coober Pedy. People lived in the caves and searched agates. They found agates, so they made a bathroom, and sofa in the living room. About 3000 people lived in Coober. Tourists visited Coober Pedy and excursed under Coober Pedy. They bought agate rings and lockets. The merchants of that city became rich by selling agates. Chinese merchants from Hong Kong made agate rings and lockets and sold them to jewel shops.
There are many famous caves in Myanmar. The most famous cave is the Kaba Aye Cave in Yangon. It is a Sasananika building. The monks teach Bibles to young monks, nuns and people. It is a place of performing good merit. Many donations had done in that cave. In the compound of the cave, there are many buildings of monks to teach the bible.
I and my brother also learned Abhidhamma and other Buddhist languages from Sayadaws. There are many astonished caves in Taunggyi. When I was young, I went with my elder sister and other relatives to Taunggyi.
We visited one of the astonished and fearful caves. Its name is Kyat Cave. It is a big and long cave. Villagers took firesticks and went into the cave. They said that anyone could not go to the end of the cave. The person who tried to go to the end of the cave is not alive. They also told me the exit of the cave was in another country. My elder sister shouted and told me not to see the walls of the cave.
But I looked at the walls of the cave. Oh! How horrible things are curved in the walls of the caves. There are many skulls, witches and devils carved into the walls of the cave. Besides there are many coffins in the cave. Coffins are six feet long. There are many tales about the cave. Alibaba and 500 thieves. The princess and the harpist loving tale. When the king knew his daughter was loved by a harpist and lived in the cave, the angry king closed the entrance of the cave with a rock.
The cave had on existing. They gave their lives for their love. The famous singer Daw Tin Tin Mya sang about that. The title of this song is “Tawagu”. The song is very popular nowadays. Long ago there was a famous cave where 500 bats lived in this cave. When they heard Buddha’s sermons and after they died, they reached the deva. So, we should listen to the sermon. Another famous is Akauk Taung. Akauk Taung is a mountain extending from Pyay District to Hinthada District, renowned for its numerous ancient Buddha images carved into the rock wall along the Ayeyawady River bank. Historically, the mountain served as a tollgate for passing boats and ships. Artisans carved the mountain walls, resulting in 370 Buddha images depicted in various positions standing, sitting and lying.
Most of these Buddha images date back to the Konbaung era, with some originating from the Inwa era. Therefore astonishing, beautiful and fearful caves are around the world. Good people live in the caves to do good things. They pay good benefits for the people and creatures, but bad and wicked people live in the caves to do evil things. They stay in the caves and hide money, and jewels when they get from theft. I pay homage to the Buddha to disappear the worst people from the world, so the people can live safely and peacefully.
Reference: Gimme Shelter, HPH World, 21 June 2007.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar