Myanmar women have preserved the noble traditions and customs from generation to generation. The efforts of these women in safeguarding such traditions are also prominently reflected in the literature that emerged across different eras. According to the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, number of women accounted for approximately 29.4 million out of the total population of around 56.2 million, indicating that more than half of the country’s population is women. Being a Union made up of over 100 different ethnic groups, Myanmar is home to a wide diversity of traditional cultures, customs, languages, dress, historical backgrounds, and geographical features. In the present day, Myanmar women not only shoulder the traditional role of household responsibilities, but also keep abreast with men in contributing to both personal and social progress. As women are considered a vulnerable group, it is essential to protect and nurture their lives, ensuring their well-being and empowerment. At the same time, their rights and livelihoods must be safeguarded and promoted, particularly in the areas of education, healthcare, economy, social development, and overall security for young women. Women themselves must also strive to preserve and uphold the dignity and value of womanhood. An important aspect for Myanmar women is the preservation of their ethnic traditions, cultural customs, national pride, and dignity. These values must be safeguarded to ensure that they are neither diminished nor lost. Therefore, it is essential to continuously foster a mindset that cherishes and values the lives of women, promoting a spirit of respect, pride, and cultural identity throughout their lives. Myanmar people should know their tradition and culture and should not value others’ cultures while preserving their tradition and culture, and this includes traditional dress and customs. Myanmar girls and women wore traditional garments such as Yin Phone and longyi, following the attitudes of their parents. They gracefully wear Myanmar traditional dress at religious events, pagoda festivals and donation events. However, some young people may be considered reckless for wearing skirts, shorts and long pants in ways that may damage Myanmar culture. Myanmar women are the rising stars of the future, and they should wear safe and fine dresses as they are living in a country with the proclamation of Buddhism. Moreover, they can be known as Myanmar by the tourists whenever they see them wearing a Myanmar dress. Myanmar girls serve as role models in preserving traditional cultural heritage by wearing Yin Phone and longyi. Naturally calm and composed, Myanmar women are also known for their gentle and graceful demeanour, which contributes to their dignified feminine charm. Therefore, from major cities to rural areas, Myanmar’s traditional cultural heritage should be preserved. The beauty of traditional attire and customs, which deserves to be honoured as a form of cultural art, should be portrayed by artists as a masterpiece delicately painted with the skilled brushstrokes of Myanmar culture. Just as Myanmar women rightfully possess the tradition of wearing cultural attire, they should also uphold modesty and a sense of decency in how they dress. Their clothing should be neither too plain nor overly extravagant, neither outdated nor excessively modern. By wearing traditional Myanmar dress, which is most pleasing to the eye, heartwarming to the soul, and rich in elegance and dignity, they help preserve the beauty and cultural heritage of Myanmar women today and pass it down as a cherished legacy to future generations of young girls. This article is created in honour of the Myanmar Women’s Day, which will fall on 3 July 2025. Translated by KTZH
IntroductionIn today’s global economic landscape, cultural and creative industries (CCIs) have emerged as a significant driver of sustainable development. These industries harness cultural resources, human creativity, and intellectual capital to generate economic, social, and cultural value. Consequently, many countries are increasingly prioritizing CCIs within their national development strategies.Myanmar, with its long and distinguished history, is endowed with a rich cultural heritage and diverse traditional crafts. This cultural wealth provides a strong foundation and considerable potential for the development and expansion of cultural and creative industries in the country.Definition of Cultural and Creative IndustriesAccording to UNESCO, cultural and creative industries (CCIs) are sectors that rely on creativity, culture, knowledge, and intellectual property to produce goods and services that generate cultural, economic, and social value.More broadly, CCIs can be understood as industries that utilize cultural resources and creative capacities to create employment opportunities, stimulate economic growth, and safeguard cultural heritage.These industries encompass a wide range of sectors, including:• Performing arts (dance, theatre, and traditional performances)• Visual arts (painting, sculpture, and crafts)• Film and media• Music• Cultural tourism• Traditional crafts and design• Digital creative industries• Cultural heritage-related industries• Other creative sectorsThe Role of Myanmar Traditional HandicraftsIn Myanmar, cultural and creative industries are deeply rooted in the country’s intangible cultural heritage. These include the Ten Traditional Crafts (Pan Sel Myo), Thanaka, traditional handicrafts, and various forms of traditional artistic expression.The Ten Traditional Crafts – namely blacksmithing (Pan Be), goldsmithing (Pan Tein), bronze smithing (Pan Tin), masonry (Pan Tau), construction (Pan Yan), sculpture (Pan Pu), stucco work (Pan Tamaut), wood turning and lathe work (Pan Pwut), painting (Pan Chi), and lacquerware (Pan Yun) – are not only of significant artistic value but also contribute substantially to economic development. As such, they represent a vital component of Myanmar’s CCI sector.A notable example can be found in the Bagan region, where lacquerware (Pan Yun) is particularly prominent. This craft exemplifies the integration of traditional design, artistic creativity, and skilled craftsmanship. Lacquerware products contribute to heritage preservation, tourism development, and the livelihoods of local artisans, thereby reinforcing the role of CCIs in sustainable development.Moreover, the integration of traditional handicrafts with tourism generates income opportunities for local communities, strengthens cultural identity, and enhances both economic and social value.Cultural TourismMyanmar is home to numerous attractive tourist destinations, among which Bagan stands out as one of the most significant cultural heritage sites. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bagan is renowned for its thousands of temples, pagodas, and ancient architectural masterpieces.These cultural assets serve as key resources for the development of cultural tourism. In addition, the Bagan region hosts a wide range of CCI-related activities, including the production of traditional foods such as fermented bean paste (Pon Yay Gyi), jaggery, and various preserved goods, as well as handicrafts such as textiles and lacquerware.Such industries play an important role in increasing tourism revenue, creating employment opportunities, and supporting the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage.Outcomes of International CooperationKnowledge DevelopmentIn 2021, UNESCO published Backstage: Managing Creativity and the Arts in South-East Asia, which presents an analysis of creative sectors across nine South-East Asian countries, including Myanmar. The publication provides valuable insights into regional creative economies and their development trajectories.The book is available for free online access at the following link:https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381380Regional and International CooperationThe Mekong Institute, with support from the Mekong–Korea Cooperation Fund (MKCF), has been implementing the “Creative4Mekong” project to strengthen creative industries in the region.As part of this initiative, representatives from Mekong countries participated in a knowledge-sharing programme in South Korea in December 2024. Myanmar participants, particularly from the Bagan region, gained valuable insights into intellectual property systems and creative enterprise development.Such initiatives enhance Myanmar’s collaboration with international partners and contribute to strengthening its cultural and creative industries through knowledge exchange and capacity building.ASEAN and Cultural CooperationAs a member of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Myanmar actively supports regional cultural policies and frameworks, which are endorsed at the ministerial level and further adopted at ASEAN Summit meetings.One significant milestone is the Siem Reap Declaration on Promoting a Creative and Adaptive ASEAN Community to Support the Cultural and Creative Economy, adopted in 2022 in Siem Reap. This declaration aims to strengthen the sustainability of CCIs and enhance cultural and economic resilience across ASEAN Member States.Background and RationaleAt the 9th Meeting of the ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Culture and Arts (AMCA) in 2020, discussions focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cultural sector and identified strategic priorities for recovery.Subsequently, at the ASEAN Regional Workshop on Creative Economy (ARWCE) in 2021, the ASEAN Creative Economy was defined as economic activities derived from human creativity, rooted in heritage, culture, arts, design, science, and media.Linkages with Regional FrameworksThe ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework (ACRF) recognizes cultural and creative industries as a key sector for post-pandemic recovery, highlighting their role in fostering resilience and sustainable development.Significance of ASEAN DeclarationsASEAN cultural declarations aim to:• Recognize the importance of culture and the arts• Safeguard and enhance cultural heritage• Promote the development of CCIs• Strengthen regional cultural cooperationCooperation and Future ActionsASEAN Member States are working collaboratively to:• Promote research and innovation in CCIs• Strengthen the capacity of cultural professionals• Enhance cultural awareness and knowledge exchange• Develop cultural tourism• Expand the use of digital technologiesThrough these efforts, CCIs are expected to become a major driving force for sustainable and resilient development in the ASEAN region.Melaka Declaration on Cultural Heritage Value CreationIn October 2025, ASEAN Member States adopted the Melaka Declaration on Cultural Heritage Value Creation. This declaration emphasizes the rights of Member States to identify, protect, and promote their cultural heritage while fostering inclusive and sustainable development.It also highlights the importance of investing in cultural and creative industries and promoting cultural tourism as a means of generating economic opportunities.Key AgreementsThe declaration outlines five priority actions:• Strengthening legal and institutional frameworks for cultural value chains• Promoting a whole-of-ASEAN approach to new economic models• Investing in training and capacity-building programmes• Enhancing partnerships among cultural institutions and stakeholders• Improving monitoring and evaluation mechanismsChallenges Faced Within the ASEAN RegionDespite significant progress, the development of CCIs in ASEAN faces several challenges, including:• Limited financial resources• Weak intellectual property protection systems• Limited access to modern technologies• Constraints in market expansion• Declining interest among younger generations in traditional crafts• Difficulties in accessing raw materialsConclusionCultural and creative industries have become an essential pillar of sustainable development, contributing not only to economic growth but also to the enrichment of cultural life and community identity. Myanmar, with its rich cultural heritage and vibrant traditional arts, holds strong potential for advancing its CCI sector.However, realizing this potential requires comprehensive and well-coordinated efforts. These include the formulation of effective policies, the strengthening of intellectual property protection, the provision of targeted financial support, and the implementation of capacity-building programmes.Equally important is the promotion of digital transformation through the development of online platforms, digital marketplaces, and e-commerce systems. In addition, fostering collaboration among government institutions, the private sector, international partners, and cultural practitioners is crucial.Through sustained multi-stakeholder cooperation, strategic investments, and policy reforms, Myanmar’s cultural and creative industries can achieve long-term, sustainable development and serve as a key driver of cultural and economic growth within the ASEAN region.gnlm
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and society. Language is not only a system of sounds and symbols but also a social phenomenon. People use language to express identity, maintain relationships, and participate in social life. Sociolinguistics examines how language functions within social contexts and how social structures influence linguistic behaviour. Unlike approaches that treat language as fixed, sociolinguistics views language as dynamic and shaped by human interaction.Through sociolinguistic study, researchers explore why people speak differently in different situations, how language marks social boundaries, and how linguistic forms change over time. These differences are influenced by factors such as region, social class, age, gender, profession, and community membership. Language variation is systematic rather than random and reflects the organization and values of society. Because language is used in social settings, it carries social meanings, allowing speakers to express politeness, authority, solidarity, or distance through their language choices.One of the main concerns of sociolinguistics is the study of language varieties. A language variety refers to a specific form of language used by a particular group or in a particular context. These varieties include standard language, dialects, pidgins, creoles, and registers. Each variety reflects the social and cultural background of its speakers and serves particular communicative purposes within society.A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a specific geographical, social, or ethnic group. Dialects differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and sometimes grammar, but these differences are systematic and meaningful rather than incorrect. Regional dialects are associated with particular geographical areas and often reveal where a speaker comes from. In Myanmar, for example, pronunciation and vocabulary differences can indicate whether a speaker is from Upper Myanmar or Lower Myanmar. Such dialects help preserve local identity and cultural heritage.Social dialects, on the other hand, are linked to social class, profession, or group membership. They often reflect differences in education, occupation, and social status. People belonging to the same profession tend to share similar linguistic features. Teachers commonly use academic language, while lawyers rely on specialized legal vocabulary. These shared patterns strengthen group identity and allow efficient communication within professional communities.Accent and dialect are closely related. But they are distinct concepts. An accent refers only to differences in pronunciation, whereas a dialect includes differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. A speaker may use a standard dialect while retaining a regional accent. Sociolinguistics emphasizes that all dialects are linguistically systematic and should not be judged as inferior to the standard language.Pidgins and creoles develop in situations where speakers of different languages come into contact. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language used for practical communication, such as trade or work. It has a limited vocabulary and simplified grammar and is not the native language of any group. A creole develops when a pidgin becomes the first language of a new generation. Unlike pidgins, creoles are fully developed languages. It has expanded vocabulary and more complex grammatical structures. It serves as an important marker of cultural identity.Another important concept in sociolinguistics is register, which refers to variation in language use according to situation, purpose, and audience. Speakers naturally adjust their language when communicating with friends, teachers, employers, or strangers. Formal registers are commonly used in academic writing, legal documents, and official speeches, while informal registers are used in everyday conversation. Understanding register helps speakers choose appropriate language and avoid social misunderstandings.Sociolinguistics plays a vital role in improving communication. It can also promote respect for linguistic diversity. Individuals can communicate more effectively by being aware of language varieties and social norms in different contexts. Without sociolinguistic knowledge, people may misinterpret speech, judge dialects unfairly, or fail to adapt their language appropriately. In multilingual and multicultural societies, sociolinguistic competence is essential for social harmony and mutual understanding.In conclusion, sociolinguistics provides valuable insights into how language functions within society. Examining language variation, dialects, accents, pidgins, creoles, and registers reveals the close connection between language, identity, and social structure. Language is not merely a tool for communication, but a reflection of social relationships and cultural values, and greater awareness of sociolinguistics leads to more effective and respectful communication.gnlm
Food is often chosen for convenience rather than care. Busy schedules, long working hours, and the easy availability of restaurants and delivery services have made eating outside or ordering food more common than ever. However, despite these modern changes, homemade food continues to hold a special and important place in our lives.One of the main reasons homemade food matters is its health benefits. When people cook at home, they have full control over the ingredients they use. They can choose fresh vegetables, good-quality meat, and balanced portions of nutrients. Homemade meals usually contain less oil, sugar, and salt compared to many restaurant or processed foods. As a result, people who regularly eat homemade food often maintain better health and develop healthier eating habits.Another important aspect of homemade food is the emotional connection it creates. Food prepared at home is often made with care, patience, and love. Many people associate homemade dishes with childhood memories, family traditions, and special occasions. The smell of a familiar dish cooking in the kitchen can remind someone of their parents, grandparents, or cultural heritage. In this way, homemade food becomes more than just nourishment; it becomes a symbol of comfort and belonging.Homemade food also strengthens family relationships. Cooking and eating together provide opportunities for families to spend quality time with one another. In many households, preparing meals is a shared activity where family members talk, laugh, and help each other. Sitting together at the dining table encourages conversation and helps family members stay connected in a world where technology often distracts people from personal interactions.In addition, cooking at home can be economical. Preparing meals from basic ingredients is usually less expensive than regularly buying food from restaurants or ordering delivery. With careful planning, families can prepare nutritious meals while managing their budget effectively. This is especially important for households trying to balance their financial responsibilities.Finally, homemade food allows people to preserve cultural identity. Every culture has its own traditional recipes and cooking methods that are passed down through generations. By cooking these dishes at home, people keep their cultural traditions alive and introduce younger generations to the flavours and values of their heritage.In conclusion, while modern lifestyles may encourage convenience and speed, homemade food continues to play a vital role in maintaining health, strengthening relationships, saving money, and preserving culture. It reminds us that food is not only about satisfying hunger but also about nurturing both the body and the soul. Even in a world full of fast food and quick meals, the value of homemade food remains timeless.”gnlm
1. OverviewTuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest and most lethal infectious diseases in human history. Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it primarily attacks the lungs, yet it is capable of affecting virtually any organ. Despite the existence of effective vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments for decades, TB continues to claim more than one million lives every year — the vast majority in low- and middle-income countries.Every year on 24 March, the global health community marks World Tuberculosis Day. The date honours the 1882 announcement by German physician Dr Robert Koch, who identified M tuberculosis as the causative agent of TB — a discovery that fundamentally shaped modern medicine. In 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Stop TB Partnership set the theme: “Yes! We Can End TB: Led by Countries, Powered by People.” This theme signals a decisive shift from global aspiration to concrete, country-owned, community-powered action.TB is preventable, diagnosable, and curable. Yet it remains the world’s second deadliest infectious disease after COVID-19 during pandemic years. The paradox of a curable disease killing over a million people annually is a moral, political, and public health failure — one that World TB Day 2026 calls every nation to correct.2. Global PrevalenceAccording to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2025, approximately 10.7 million people developed TB globally in 2024 — the fourth consecutive year of elevated incidence following the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Of these, an estimated 1.23 million people died: roughly 1.08 million HIV-negative individuals and 150,000 people living with HIV. Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) remains a critical challenge, with an estimated 150,000 new DR-TB cases recorded in 2024.Global reduction in TB incidence from 2015 to 2024 stands at only 12.3 per cent — far short of the WHO End TB Strategy milestone target of a 50 per cent reduction by 2025. South-East Asia alone, home to less than a quarter of the global population, accounts for more than one in every three new TB cases worldwide. Encouragingly, coordinated global TB control efforts have saved an estimated 83 million lives since 2000, demonstrating the transformative impact of sustained international action. However, COVID-19 disruptions reversed hard-won progress and accelerated undetected transmission, making the recovery period of 2022–2026 critically important.TB is fundamentally a disease of inequity, driven by poverty, overcrowding, malnutrition, and limited access to healthcare. Ending it will demand not only medical interventions but comprehensive, multisectoral strategies that address these upstream social determinants.3. Tuberculosis in MyanmarMyanmar carries one of the heaviest TB burdens in the world and is designated as one of the WHO’s 30 high-TB-burden countries. According to the WHO South-East Asia Regional Office, Myanmar’s TB incidence rate in 2024 was approximately 480-500 cases per 100,000 population — far above the regional average of 201 and the global average of 131 per 100,000. In absolute terms, an estimated 263,000 people developed TB in Myanmar in 2024. Approximately 50,000 deaths annually are attributed to the diseaseMyanmar faces what public health experts describe as a “triple burden” — drug-susceptible TB, drug-resistant TB, and HIV-associated TB — making its TB response among the most complex in the region. The fourth National TB Prevalence Survey conducted between 2017 and 2018 found a bacteriologically confirmed TB prevalence of 468 per 100,000 adults, though this represented a notable 51 per cent reduction from the 2009-2010 survey, reflecting an average annual decline of 7.6 per cent. This steady progress demonstrates that Myanmar’s National TB Programme, with international support, has been making significant gains.The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted that trajectory. In 2020, case detections fell by approximately 40 per cent compared to the prior year, reversing years of achievement and leading to increased rates of undiagnosed and untreated TB — particularly among vulnerable populations in urban slums, and hard-to-reach communities. Recovery since 2022 has been notable, and a 2025 hybrid WHO review commended the Ministry of Health for maintaining essential TB services under exceptionally difficult conditions. Myanmar is now in the process of developing its National Tuberculosis Strategic Plan 2026-2030, which aims to close detection gaps, scale up preventive treatment, and restore the downward trend in incidence.4. Signs and SymptomsThe clinical presentation of TB varies by the site of infection and the immune status of the individual. Pulmonary TB — the most common form — primarily manifests with respiratory and systemic symptoms. Extrapulmonary TB, in which the bacterium spreads beyond the lungs, can affect virtually any organ and may present with diverse, organ-specific features.Pulmonary TBThe hallmark of pulmonary TB is a persistent productive cough lasting two weeks or more, sometimes with blood-streaked sputum or frank haemoptysis. Chest pain, tightness, and progressive shortness of breath are also common. Systemic symptoms accompanying pulmonary TB include prolonged low-grade fever (often worse in the evenings), drenching night sweats, significant unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, and persistent fatigue. The combination of these symptoms in a patient from a high-burden country like Myanmar should prompt immediate TB evaluation.Extrapulmonary TBWhen TB disseminates beyond the lungs, it may present as painless cervical lymph node swelling (scrofula), back pain and spinal deformity in Pott’s disease, severe headache and neck stiffness in TB meningitis, joint pain and swelling in musculoskeletal TB, abdominal pain and ascites in abdominal TB, or haematuria and flank pain in genitourinary TB. In young children under five and immunocompromised individuals — including people living with HIV — TB may present atypically, and severe disseminated or miliary TB can develop rapidly, with non-specific systemic features that may not suggest the diagnosis without a high index of suspicion.5. Risk FactorsTB infection and disease progression are shaped by a complex interplay of host vulnerability, pathogen exposure, and environmental conditions. The following groups carry the highest risk and are priority targets for screening and preventive intervention.Immunocompromised states markedly increase the risk of progression from TB infection to active disease. HIV infection remains the single most powerful individual risk factor for TB — a person living with HIV is up to 18 times more likely to develop active TB than an HIV-negative individual. Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly significant risk factor in Asia, where its prevalence is rising rapidly. Other immunosuppressive conditions and treatments — including renal failure, malnutrition, corticosteroids, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors — similarly elevate risk.Beyond medical vulnerabilities, social and environmental determinants are equally critical. Poverty, overcrowding, poor housing, food insecurity, and incarceration create conditions in which TB spreads readily and goes undetected. Smoking and alcohol use disorder are independent risk factors. Healthcare workers exposed to active TB cases, miners at risk of silicosis, and migrants or displaced persons from high-burden settings are among the occupational and demographic groups requiring particular attention. In Myanmar’s specific context, populations in urban slums and individuals in hard-to-reach communities are among the most vulnerable.6. DiagnosisEarly and accurate diagnosis is the cornerstone of TB control. Delayed diagnosis sustains transmission, worsens outcomes, and drives drug resistance. Multiple modalities are available, and their appropriate use depends on available resources and clinical context.Sputum smear microscopy — examining sputum for acid-fast bacilli — is rapid and widely available but offers limited sensitivity, particularly in HIV-positive patients and children. Sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen or liquid MGIT media remains the diagnostic gold standard, detecting TB and drug susceptibility with high accuracy, but takes two to eight weeks. The Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assays represent a transformational advance: these WHO-recommended rapid molecular tests detect M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance within two hours and are now widely used in Myanmar’s TB diagnostic network. Line probe assays provide additional drug resistance profiling.Chest X-ray is an indispensable screening and diagnostic tool, identifying pulmonary infiltrates, cavitations, and pleural effusions characteristic of TB. CT scanning offers higher resolution for complex or atypical presentations. For the detection of latent TB infection, the Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux) and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are used, with IGRAs offering greater specificity in BCG-vaccinated populations such as Myanmar’s.A landmark development for World TB Day 2026 is the WHO’s Call to Action, urging Member States to fast-track the rollout of the first-ever WHO-recommended near point-of-care diagnostic tests. These tests are designed to be deployed at health centres and community-level facilities, dramatically reducing diagnostic delays that fuel transmission and preventable deaths — a critical development for high-burden settings like Myanmar.7. TreatmentTB is curable. Treatment success depends on timely initiation, accurate drug susceptibility testing, and full adherence to the prescribed regimen. Myanmar’s National TB Programme delivers treatment through the directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS) strategy.Drug-Susceptible TBThe standard first-line regimen for drug-susceptible TB is a six-month course: two months of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol, followed by four months of Isoniazid and Rifampicin (2HRZE/4HR). When completed as prescribed, treatment success rates exceed 85 per cent. HIV-positive TB patients require concurrent antiretroviral therapy — initiated within two to eight weeks of starting TB treatment — alongside cotrimoxazole preventive therapy.Drug-Resistant TBMultidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) represent the most challenging treatment scenarios. New all-oral regimens — BPaL (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid) and BPaLM (with Moxifloxacin) — have transformed the management of MDR/XDR-TB, reducing treatment duration from 18-24 months to as little as six months with improved outcomes. WHO recommends these regimens as priority options, and their rollout in Myanmar is a strategic priority.TB Preventive TreatmentFor individuals with latent TB infection — those infected but not yet ill — TB Preventive Treatment (TPT) is a proven strategy to prevent progression to active disease. Recommended regimens include six months of daily isoniazid (6H), three months of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid (3HP), or one month of daily rifapentine plus isoniazid (1HP). Scale-up of TPT for household contacts and PLHIV is central to Myanmar’s 2026-2030 strategic plan.8. PreventionPreventing TB requires a layered strategy spanning vaccination, early case detection and treatment, infection control, TB preventive therapy, and action on the social conditions that sustain the epidemic.The BCG vaccine, administered to neonates at birth under Myanmar’s Expanded Programme on Immunisation, offers substantial protection against severe childhood TB, including TB meningitis and miliary TB. However, protection against adult pulmonary TB is variable, and newer, more effective TB vaccines remain under active development, with several promising candidates in advanced clinical trials.The most powerful prevention strategy remains finding and treating active TB cases rapidly, thereby interrupting transmission at the source. Community-based active case finding, systematic contact tracing for every diagnosed case, and expansion of diagnostic access to underserved populations are high-yield interventions. Complementing case detection, TPT for high-risk individuals prevents new cases before they develop. Environmental measures — ensuring adequate ventilation in homes, hospitals, and congregate settings, implementing respiratory hygiene practices, and applying the WHO FAST strategy (Find cases Actively, Separate safely, Treat effectively) in healthcare facilities — reduce nosocomial and community transmission.Ultimately, sustainable TB prevention requires multisectoral action on poverty, malnutrition, housing, and social protection. These upstream determinants create the conditions in which TB flourishes. A health system capable of delivering universal TB services is itself a prerequisite — meaning that ending TB demands political will far beyond the confines of the health ministry. 9. World TB Day 2026: WHO Call to Action and the Path to Ending TBWorld TB Day 2026, observed on 24 March carries the resounding theme: “Yes! We Can End TB: Led by Countries, Powered by People.” WHO and the Stop TB Partnership call on every Member State to translate political commitments into concrete, measurable action — and on every community, healthcare worker, civil society organisation, and citizen to be part of the solution.WHO’s specific 2026 Call to Action centres on several urgent priorities. First, Member States are urged to fast-track the rollout of newly WHO-recommended near point-of-care TB diagnostics — the first of their kind — that will extend early detection to the community level and reduce the diagnostic delays that cost lives. Second, countries must increase domestic and international TB financing, protect essential services from budget cuts, and ensure accountability for the commitments made at successive United Nations High-Level Meetings on TB. Third, accelerated uptake of new WHO recommendations — including shorter MDR-TB treatment regimens and TPT scale-up — is imperative. Finally, WHO calls for stronger primary health care integration, so that TB services are accessible, stigma-free, and delivered as close to patients as possible.To end TB in Myanmar, these global priorities must be grounded in local reality. Every stakeholder has a role: community members must know TB’s signs and break the culture of stigma surrounding the disease; healthcare workers must actively screen high-risk populations and offer TPT; policymakers must prioritise and fund the National TB Strategic Plan 2026-2030; civil society must extend services to conflict-affected and hard-to-reach communities; and every person who has ever experienced TB must be empowered as an advocate rather than silenced as a patient.The economic case is clear: every dollar invested in TB control generates up to US$ 43 in economic and health returns. Myanmar’s TB programme has proven its resilience through years of crisis. With renewed political will, strengthened country ownership, and communities at its centre, the goal of ending TB — fewer than 10 cases per 100,000 by 2035 — is not a distant dream but an achievable reality.“Yes! We Can End TB — Led by Myanmar. Powered by Our People.” Top 5 References1. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports2. World Health Organization. World TB Day 2026: “Yes! We Can End TB: Led by Countries, Powered by People.” Campaign page. Geneva: WHO; 2026. https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-tb- day/20263. Stop TB Partnership. World TB Day 2026 Theme Announcement. Geneva: Stop TB Partnership; 2026. https://www.stoptb.org/news/world-tb-day-2026-theme-announcement4. WHO South-East Asia Regional Office. Fourth National TB Prevalence Survey, Myanmar 2017– 2018. New Delhi: WHO SEARO; 2019. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10021272/5. WHO South-East Asia Regional Office. South-East Asia Leads Global TB Cases — WHO Urges Swift Action. New Delhi: WHO SEARO; November 2025.https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/18-11-2025-south-east-asia-leads-global-tb-casesgnlm
In this article, I look at two Myanmar sayings — “Giving like Vessantara”, which praises boundless generosity epitomized by the legendary prince, and “Prying one cent as if it were two”, a witty rebuke of extreme stinginess.I wrote this article for foreign readers who are studying the Myanmar language, so I have presented it in a bilingual format using both Myanmar and English.“ဝေသန္တရာ လှူသလို လှူနိုင်မှ”“ဒါနအရာမှာ ဝေသန္တရာ”မြန်မာတွေ ပြောလေ့ရှိတာကတော့ အလှူအတန်း ရက်ရောလွန်းတဲ့သူကိုတွေ့ရင် ‘ဝေသန္တရာ’ လို့တောင် တင်စားကြတာ ပါ။ ကိုယ့်မှာရှိတာလေးတင် မဟုတ်ဘဲ အားလုံးကို စွန့်လွှတ်ပြီး လှူခဲ့တဲ့သူလို့ ဆိုလိုပါတယ်။အလှူအတန်းလုပ်တဲ့နေရာမှာတော့ ဝေသန္တရာမင်းကြီးဟာ နံပါတ်တစ် (စံပြ) ပဲ။ နှမြောတွန့်တိုမှု မရှိဘဲ ရက်ရက်ရောရော ပေးကမ်းတတ်သူတွေကို ချီးမွမ်းတဲ့အခါ “သူကတော့ ဝေသန္တရာ လှူသလိုပဲ” လို့ ပြောလိုက်ရင် အလှူအတန်းမှာ လက်ဖွာလိုက်တာ (စေတနာကောင်းလိုက်တာ) လို့ ဆိုလိုတာပါ။ဝေသန္တရာမင်းကြီးက သားတော် ဇာလီ၊ သမီးတော် ကဏှာဇိန်နဲ့ မိဖုရား မဒ္ဒီဒေဝီတို့ကိုတောင် မနှမြောဘဲ လှူခဲ့ပါ တယ် ။ အစွန်းကုန် စွန့်လွှတ်အနစ်နာခံတာမျိုးကို ပြောချင်တဲ့အခါ သုံးပါတယ်။မဒ္ဒီဒေဝီဟာ ခင်ပွန်းဖြစ်သူ ဒါနပါရမီဖြည့်တာကို ကြည်ကြည်ဖြူဖြူ ခွင့်ပြုပေးခဲ့ပြီး နောက်ဆုံးမှာ ပြန်ဆုံစည်းခဲ့ရပါတယ်။ ဒါကြောင့် “နောင်ဘဝ အဆက်ဆက် ခင်ပွန်းနဲ့ မကွဲရပါစေနဲ့” ဆိုတဲ့ ဆုတောင်းမျိုးကို မဒ္ဒီဆုတောင်းလို့ ခေါ်ကြပါတယ်။ဝေသန္တရာမင်းလောင်းဟာ ငယ်ငယ်ကတည်းက အလှူပေးရတာကို အရမ်းဝါသနာပါပြီး နန်းတက်လာတဲ့အခါမှာလည်း အလှူမဏ္ဍပ်ကြီးတွေဆောက်ပြီး နေ့တိုင်း လှူဒါန်းခဲ့ပါတယ်။တစ်နေ့မှာတော့ မိုးခေါင်နေတဲ့ တိုင်းပြည်တစ်ခုက ပုဏ္ဏားတွေက တိုင်းပြည်ရဲ့ ရတနာဖြစ်တဲ့ ဆင်ဖြူတော်ကို လာအလှူခံပါတယ်။ မင်းကြီးက ရက်ရက်ရောရော လှူလိုက်ပေမဲ့ တိုင်းသူပြည်သားတွေက စိတ်ဆိုးပြီး နန်းတော်ကနေ နှင်ထုတ်ခိုင်းလို့ တောထွက်ခဲ့ရပါတယ်။တောထဲသွားတဲ့ လမ်းမှာလည်း မြင်းတွေ၊ ရထားတွေကို လှူခဲ့သေးတာပါ။ တောထဲမှာ ရသေ့ဝတ်နဲ့ နေနေတုန်း ဇူဇကာပုဏ္ဏားက သားတော် ဇာလီနဲ့ သမီးတော် ကဏှာဇိန်ကို အလုပ်အကျွေးပြုဖို့ လာတောင်းပြန်တော့လည်း စိတ်မပြတ်ပေမဲ့ ပါရမီအတွက် လှူလိုက်ပြန်ပါတယ်။ နောက်ဆုံး သိကြားမင်းက ပုဏ္ဏားယောင်ဆောင်ပြီး မိဖုရားကိုပါ လာအလှူခံတဲ့အခါမှာလည်း မတွန့်မတို လှူခဲ့သူပါ။ဇာတ်သိမ်းမှာတော့ ခမည်းတော်မင်းကြီးက မြေးတော်တွေကို ပြန်ရွေး၊ သားတော်ကိုလည်း နန်းတော်ကို ပြန်ပင့်ဆောင်ခဲ့ပါတယ်။ ဝေသန္တရာမင်းကြီး နန်းတော်ပြန်ရောက်တဲ့အခါမှာတော့ နတ်တွေရွာသွန်းတဲ့ ရတနာမိုးတွေနဲ့အတူ တစ်သက်လုံး အလှူအတန်းတွေလုပ်ပြီး တိုင်းပြည်ကို အေးအေးချမ်းချမ်း အုပ်ချုပ်သွားခဲ့ပါတယ်။ဗုဒ္ဓလောင်းလျာဟာ ဘုရားဖြစ်ဖို့အတွက် ဖြည့်ကျင့်ရတဲ့ ပါရမီ (၁၀) ပါးထဲမှာ ဒါနပါရမီဟာ အခြေခံအကျဆုံးဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဝေသန္တရာမင်းကြီးဟာ မိမိပိုင်ဆိုင်တဲ့ ပစ္စည်းဥစ္စာတင်မကဘဲ မိမိအသက်ထက်ချစ်တဲ့ သားမယားကိုပါ စွန့်လွှတ်နိုင်ခဲ့တာဟာ “အနုတ္တရ ဒါန” (အတုမရှိသော အလှူ) ကို ပြသခဲ့တာပါ။ ဒါဟာ သာမန်လူတစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ လောဘ၊ မောဟကို ကျော်လွန်ပြီး သဗ္ဗညုတဉာဏ်တော်ရဖို့အတွက် အမြင့်မြတ်ဆုံး ပေးဆပ်မှုဖြစ်ပါတယ်။“ဒါ ငါ့သား၊ ဒါ ငါ့မယား၊ ဒါ ငါ့စည်းစိမ်” ဆိုတဲ့ ငါစွဲကို အကုန်ဖြတ်တောက်နိုင်မှသာ သံသရာက လွတ်မြောက်နိုင်တယ်ဆိုတဲ့ သဘောကို ဖော်ညွှန်းပါတယ်။ ဝေသန္တရာမင်းကြီးရဲ့ စွန့်လွှတ်မှုဟာ ရက်စက်ခြင်းမဟုတ်ဘဲ လောကသားအားလုံးကို ကယ်တင်မယ့် ဘုရားအဖြစ်သို့ ရောက်ရှိဖို့အတွက် အနှောင်အဖွဲ့အားလုံးကို ရဲရဲဝံ့ဝံ့ ဖြတ်တောက်ခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။“Giving like Vessantara”“Vessantara is the gold standard for charity.”This means that when it comes to generosity, King Vessantara is the ultimate role model. People use these phrases to praise someone who is incredibly generous – someone who gives away everything they have, even the things they love most, without any hesitation.Because King Vessantara gave away his children and his wife, this story is used as a metaphor for making the ultimate sacrifice. It’s used when someone gives up their most precious belongings or comforts for a higher goal.“The Prayer of Maddi” Queen Maddi willingly supported her husband’s journey of generosity, even when it meant losing her children. Because they were eventually reunited, “Maddi’s Prayer” refers to the wish for a couple to never be apart and to find each other again in every future life.The Story BackgroundPrince Vessantara loved giving since he was a child. When he became King, he set up donation halls and gave to the poor every day.One day, brahmins from a drought-stricken country asked for his White Elephant, a sacred royal treasure. The King gave it away freely. This made his citizens so angry that he was banished from the kingdom.While travelling to the forest with his family, he gave away his horses and carriage. Living as a hermit, he was approached by an old man named Jujaka, who asked for his children to be his servants. The King, focused on his spiritual perfection, gave them away. Later, the King of Gods (Sakka) disguised himself as a brahmin and asked for the Queen; the King gave her away too, without hesitation.In the end, his father (the old King) rescued the grandchildren and invited Vessantara back to the throne. When he returned, a rain of jewels fell from the sky, and he spent the rest of his life practising charity and ruling the country in peace.The Spiritual LessonsThe Perfection of Charity (Dana)In Buddhism, “Dana” or giving, is the foundation of the ten perfections needed to become a Buddha. Vessantara’s act of giving away his family isn’t seen as cruelty, but as “The Peerless Charity.” It represents the highest level of sacrifice to overcome human greed and reach enlightenment.The Power of Non-attachmentThe story teaches us to let go of the idea of “mine” – my kids, my wife, my wealth. This “attachment” is what keeps us stuck in the cycle of suffering. By bravely cutting these emotional ties, Vessantara showed the path to spiritual freedom for the sake of all living beings.“တစ်ပြားကို နှစ်ပြားမှတ်လို့ ခွာ”“တစ်ပြားကို နှစ်ပြားမှတ်လို့ ခွာ” ဆိုတဲ့ မြန်မာဆိုရိုးစကားဟာ တန်ဖိုးမရှိသလောက် သေးငယ်တဲ့ အရာလေးကိုတောင် အဆမတန် တွယ်တာပြီး နှမြောတွန့်တိုတတ်သူတွေကို ထိထိမိမိ တင်စားထားတာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဒီနေရာမှာ “ခွာ” ဆိုတဲ့ အသုံးအနှုန်းက အစွန်းရောက် ကပ်စေးနှဲမှုကို ပေါ်လွင်စေပါတယ်။ ဒီလိုလူမျိုးတွေဟာ ကြွယ်ဝချမ်းသာနိုင်ပေမဲ့ စိတ်ဓာတ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာမှာတော့ အမြဲတမ်း ပူလောင်ကျဉ်းမြောင်းနေတတ်ပြီး ကိုယ်ကျိုးကိုပဲ ရှေ့တန်းတင်လွန်းတာကြောင့် မိတ်ဆွေကောင်း ရှားပါးတတ်ပါတယ်။စီးပွားရေး ရှုထောင့်ကနေ အပြုသဘောနဲ့ ကြည့်မယ်ဆိုရင်တော့ ဒီစိတ်ဓာတ်ကို “Cost Optimization” လို့ ခေါ်တဲ့ ကုန်ကျစရိတ်ကို အထိရောက်ဆုံး လျှော့ချခြင်းအဖြစ် မြင်နိုင်ပါတယ်။ အသေးအဖွဲလေးတွေကနေ အမြတ်ထုတ်နိုင်ဖို့ ကြိုးစားတာ (Marginal Gains) ဟာ လုပ်ငန်းကြီးတွေ တိုးတက်ဖို့အတွက် မဟာဗျူဟာတစ်ခု ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ အသေးအဖွဲလေးတွေအပေါ်မှာပဲ အာရုံစိုက်လွန်းရင်တော့ “Penny wise, Pound foolish” ဆိုသလို တစ်ပြားကို နှစ်ပြားမှတ်ပြီး လိုက်ခွာနေရင်းနဲ့ ပိုပြီးအရေးကြီးတဲ့ တစ်ကျပ်တန် အခွင့်အရေးတွေကို လက်လွတ်မိမှာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။စပိန်နိုင်ငံ၊ ဘာစီလိုနာမြို့မှာ ပုလိပ်ရောဂါ ဖြစ်ပွားစဉ်က ကပ်စေးနှဲသူဌေးကြီးတစ်ဦးရဲ့ သင်ခန်းစာယူဖွယ် ဖြစ်ရပ်မှန်တစ်ခု ရှိခဲ့ပါတယ်။ ပရဟိတသမားတွေက သူဌေးကြီးထံကနေ ငွေကို တိုက်ရိုက်မတောင်းဘဲ သူ့ရဲ့ ဘဏ်ချက်လက်မှတ်ကို တစ်ရက်ခဏငှားဖို့ နည်းဗျူဟာမြောက် တောင်းခံခဲ့ပါတယ်။ “ဒီလောက် စေးနှဲတဲ့သူဌေးတောင် လှူနေပြီ” ဆိုတဲ့ သတင်းကြောင့် လူထုကြားမှာ လှုံ့ဆော်မှုဖြစ်ပြီး အလှူငွေတွေ အများကြီး ရရှိခဲ့ပါတယ်။ နောက်ဆုံးမှာတော့ သူဌေးကြီးဟာ သူ့ရဲ့ ချက်လက်မှတ်ကြောင့် အလှူဒါနတွေ အောင်မြင်တာကို မြင်ပြီး “ပေးကမ်းခြင်းရဲ့ ပီတိ” ကို ပထမဆုံးအကြိမ် ခံစားလိုက်ရကာ ချက်လက်မှတ်ကို အမှန်တကယ် လှူဒါန်းလိုက်ပါတော့တယ်။ကပ်စေးနှဲခြင်းဟာ လူကို စိတ်ဆင်းရဲစေပြီး ပူလောင်ကျဉ်းမြောင်းစေပေမဲ့ ပေးကမ်းစွန့်ကြဲခြင်း (Giving) ရဲ့ အရသာကို တစ်ကြိမ်တစ်ခါ မြည်းစမ်းကြည့်လိုက်ရရုံနဲ့တင် လူတစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ စိတ်ဓာတ်ကို အကြီးအကျယ် ပြောင်းလဲပစ်နိုင်ပါတယ်။ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတွင် အလှူဒါနပြုခြင်း (ဒါန) ဟာ စိတ်ထဲမှာ ကပ်ငြိနေတဲ့ “လောဘ” နဲ့ “ငါစွဲ” တွေကို တိုက်ဖျက်ပေးပါတယ်။ မိမိပိုင်ဆိုင်မှုကို သူတစ်ပါးအတွက် စွန့်လွှတ်လိုက်တဲ့အခါ စိတ်နှလုံးဟာ ပေါ့ပါးသွားပြီး ပေးကမ်းရခြင်းကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်လာတဲ့ “ဒါနပီတိ” ကို ခံစားရပါတယ်။ ဒီပီတိဟာ စိတ်ကို တည်ငြိမ်အေးချမ်းစေရုံတင်မကဘဲ သူတစ်ပါးအပေါ် ကိုယ်ချင်းစာတဲ့ “မေတ္တာ” နဲ့ “ကရုဏာ” စိတ်တွေကိုပါ ပိုမိုခိုင်မာလာစေပါတယ်။ဒုတိယအနေနဲ့ ကံတရားဆိုင်ရာ အကျိုးကျေးဇူး ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ “စိုက်သလောက် ရိတ်ရမည်” ဆိုတဲ့ ကမ္မနိယာမအရ ဒါနကောင်းမှုဟာ နောင်သံသရာခရီးမှာ ရုပ်ဝတ္ထုပစ္စည်း ပြည့်စုံကြွယ်ဝခြင်း၊ ဘေးအန္တရာယ် ကင်းဝေးခြင်းနဲ့ အများ၏ ချစ်ခင်လေးစားမှုကို ရရှိခြင်း စတဲ့ အကျိုးရလဒ်တွေကို ရရှိစေပါတယ်။ ဒါ့အပြင် အလှူရှင်ဟာ မိမိပြုခဲ့တဲ့ ကုသိုလ်ကြောင့် စိတ်လုံခြုံမှုရှိပြီး သေခါနီးအချိန်မှာပင် ကြောက်ရွံ့ခြင်းမရှိဘဲ အေးချမ်းစွာ အဆုံးသတ်နိုင်တဲ့ အကျိုးကျေးဇူးကို ရရှိမှာဖြစ်ပါတယ်။အရာရာကို “ငါ့ဟာ” လို့ မစွဲလမ်းတော့ဘဲ စွန့်လွှတ်နိုင်တဲ့ အလေ့အကျင့်ဟာ သံသရာဝဋ်ဆင်းရဲက လွတ်မြောက်ဖို့အတွက် အဓိကကျတဲ့ ရိက္ခာထုပ်ကြီး ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။အလှူတစ်ခုဟာ အကျိုးထူးဖို့အတွက် (၁) လှူဒါန်းတဲ့ပစ္စည်းဟာ တရားသဖြင့် ရရှိထားခြင်း၊ (၂) လှူဒါန်းစဉ်မှာ သန့်ရှင်းတဲ့ စေတနာရှိခြင်းနဲ့ (၃) အလှူခံပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ဟာ သီလ၊ သမာဓိ၊ ပညာနဲ့ ပြည့်စုံခြင်း စတဲ့ အချက်တွေကလည်း အလွန်အရေးကြီးပါတယ်ခင်ဗျာ။“Prying one cent as if it were two”The Myanmar saying “Prying one cent as if it were two” describes someone who is extremely stingy and unwilling to part with even a very small amount. The word “pry” suggests they must struggle hard to give away even a little, showing how tightly they hold on to their possessions. People like this may have plenty of material wealth, but they are often poor in spirit. Their minds are narrow, always tense, and they often lose friends because they care only about their own interests.The Business ViewIn business, this kind of carefulness can sometimes be seen positively. It’s called “Cost Optimization,” or paying close attention to small savings – what experts call “Marginal Gains”.Many successful companies grow by looking after small costs. But there is also a danger: if you focus too much on the tiny details, you might miss bigger opportunities. In other words, you could become “penny-wise and pound-foolish”, saving cents but losing dollars because you fail to see the big picture.A Story from BarcelonaDuring a plague in Barcelona, Spain, there lived a very stingy millionaire. When charity workers asked for donations, they didn’t request money directly. Instead, they cleverly asked to “borrow” his bank check for a single day so they could show others that he was donating. When people saw that “even this famous miser was giving,” they started donating as well. The campaign became a huge success. Seeing this, the millionaire felt respected and experienced the happiness of giving for the first time. He then decided to make an actual donation. The story shows that once a person discovers how good generosity feels, it can transform their heart completely.The Buddhist View of Giving (Dana)In Buddhism, giving – known as Dana – is a powerful way to heal the mind.When you learn to give, you reduce greed and ego. Letting go of things makes the mind feel lighter and brings a deep kind of happiness known as Dharmic joy, or Mudita.According to the law of cause and effect, generosity brings future success, safety, and respect. It also creates peace of mind, helping a person face death without fear.The habit of letting go of “mine” is an important step toward liberation from suffering.The Three Keys to Meaningful GivingTo truly matter, an act of giving must involve a righteously earned gift, a sincere heart from the giver, and a virtuous recipient.gnlm
Starting from the third week of March 2026, the mornings are returning as a meaningful moment that would open a new page in Myanmar’s political history. Throughout Myanmar’s long political journey, the parliament has played an important role as an institution representing the people. For some time, our parliamentary buildings remained silent and still, and now appear to be eagerly awaiting the moment when they will come alive once again.The magnificent parliamentary halls, which were once filled with the echoes of parliamentary debates and deliberations, had remained quiet for a period of time. Yet now they seem ready to welcome the footsteps of representatives who will arrive from various constituencies. The wide roads, magnificent corridors and suspension bridge that once stood empty, the systematically constructed buildings, and the well-organized chambers all seem to proudly welcome the return of the people’s representatives.Within the calm grandeur of the parliamentary buildings, the sight of people’s representatives entering one after another from different constituencies can be seen as a symbol of the revival of political processes. These scenes suggest not only the effective implementation of parliamentary responsibilities but also the increasing importance of cooperation with the public, especially with young people.Thus, the parliamentary sessions that will resume starting from the third week of March 2026 accommodate discussions related to politics and the public interest, and parliamentarians’ hopes for important decisions, and policies that will benefit the people and the nation. Therefore, this article will discuss, from a policy perspective, how parliamentarians can cooperate with younger citizens in carrying out their responsibilities effectively.Cooperation with Youth in Carrying Out the Responsibilities of ParliamentariansThe 2008 Constitution of Myanmar defines the important role of parliament and outlines the duties and powers of parliamentarians to represent the interests of the people. In implementing these responsibilities, cooperation with young people is a very important factor for the development of our society and our nation.First, one of the primary duties of parliamentarians is to propose and enact policies and laws that prioritize the interests of the people. In order to make this process successful, meaningful participation of the public, especially attention to the voices and perspectives of the youth, is essential. Incorporating their experiences, views, and ideas into the legislative process can lead to policies that better address the social needs of future generations and respond to emerging trends. This approach also helps create a strong foundation for a positive social environment in our country.Second, parliamentarians serve as a bridge between the government and the people. They must present the needs and challenges of their constituencies in parliament and seek timely solutions. In performing this duty, issues related to youth, such as education, employment, human trafficking, environmental protection, etc., can be addressed more effectively when parliamentarians work together with youths. By holding consultations and discussions with the youth of the country and youth organizations, their concerns, needs, and suggestions can effectively contribute to finding durable solutions.Third, parliamentarians are responsible for the development of their constituencies. In carrying out this responsibility, cooperation with young people is essential for the successful implementation of development activities. Parliamentarians should encourage youth, together with community members, to participate in the planning, implementation, monitoring, and reporting of development projects. Nowadays, younger generations are particularly skilled in the use of technology, and they are proficient in digital platforms and social media. They can help parliamentarians collect public opinions and present them to parliament, as well as communicate more effectively with the public and media, and promote development initiatives to a wider audience.Finally, parliamentarians can help young people gain a deeper understanding of citizens’ rights, responsibilities, and the principles of public accountability. Organizing training programmes, discussions and youth forums within their constituencies is important for promoting awareness of social values, the rule of law, and civic responsibility. However, direct coaching and mentorship are even more valuable in shaping informed and responsible future citizens.Demonstration of good examples by a parliamentarian today will help create good leaders for the future. It is also important to make younger generations understand the fundamental values of leadership. In guiding emerging leaders, it is important to remember the old saying: “One must first be a good follower to become a good leader.” To become a good leader, individuals must first learn how to listen, collaborate, and take responsibility as followers.Such experiences and guidance will enable youths of today to become responsible leaders capable of guiding and nurturing their future generations.However, it should be noted that Gen Z are generally more independent, more analytical, and easier to disengage. They are more willing to challenge or resist unethical behaviour and practices. Therefore, parliamentarians who wish to lead by example should uphold strong ethical standards and cultivate accountable mindsets.Acting with Ethical StandardsParliamentarians are human beings, and like anyone else, they may find it difficult to resist the influence of power, position, and brown-nosers who constantly flatter them. There have been cases where parliamentary assistants were informally appointed and gradually became proxy parliamentarians. In some situations, these assistants appeared to hold more influence than the elected representatives themselves and even made decisions on their behalf. While the parliamentarians were attending sessions in parliament, these shadow figures often acted like the real authority in the constituencies, exercising power as if they were the king or queen of the area. Therefore, the existence of clear and well-enforced codes of conduct is crucial for parliamentarians.Parliamentarians are human beings and, like anyone else, may find it difficult to resist the influence of power, position, and individuals who constantly flatter them. In previous parliamentary terms, there were cases where parliamentary assistants have been informally appointed and gradually assumed the role of proxy parliamentarians. In certain situations, these assistants appeared to hold more influence than the elected representatives themselves and even made decisions on their behalf. While parliamentarians were attending sessions in parliament, these proxy figures sometimes acted as the real authority in the constituencies, exercising power as if they were the king or queen of the area. Therefore, the existence of clear and well-enforced codes of conduct is crucial for parliamentarians.Section 120 of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar and the Election Law define the qualifications required for parliamentarians. In addition, there are fundamental standard codes of conduct and ethical principles which are commonly practised by parliamentarians in many countries around the world. By applying these codes and principles in performing their duties throughout their elected term, parliamentarians can make significant contributions to the country and provide exemplary role models for youths.This article seeks to highlight these codes and principles underneath:1. Integrity and Honesty: Parliamentarians must act in the public interest rather than for personal gain. They must avoid bribery and corruption.2. Accountability: Parliamentarians must be accountable to the public and to voters. They must be able to explain their actions honestly.3. Transparency: Reports, budget decisions, and policy decisions should be openly presented to the public and voters. They must avoid participating in decisions that involve personal interests.4. Avoidance of Conflict of Interest: Position as a representative of people must not be used for the benefit of family members, friends, or business partners. If a conflict of interest exists, it must be declared, and the member should withdraw from the decision-making process.5. Proper Use of Public Resources: Government funds, staff, offices, and travel expenses must only be used for official parliamentary duties.6. Respect: Parliamentarians must treat fellow members, staff, and citizens with respect. Insults, harassment, and disruptive behaviour must be avoided.7. Confidentiality: Confidential information obtained through official duties must not be disclosed.8. Compliance with Laws, Rules and Regulations: Parliamentarians must follow laws, rules, regulations and directives.9. Commitment to Public Service: They must actively participate in parliamentary sessions, debates, and committee work on behalf of their constituents.10. Reporting Misconduct: Any unethical or illegal behaviour should be reported to the appropriate authorities.In conclusion, the responsibilities of parliamentarians extend beyond lawmaking to representing public interests, promoting constituency development, and guiding future generations. Fulfilling these duties effectively requires both strong ethical standards and meaningful engagement with youths. By upholding principles such as integrity, accountability, transparency, and respect, parliamentarians can build public trust and set positive examples for society and youth. At the same time, collaborating with the youth – by listening to their perspectives, involving them in community development, and mentoring them in civic values – can strengthen public participation and produce more responsive policies. When parliamentarians engage and lead the youth with integrity, they not only improve governance today but also help cultivate responsible leaders for tomorrow. Such cooperation lays a strong foundation for sustainable national development and a more inclusive and democratic society in the future.(Ref: Codes of Conduct for Parliamentarians, A Comparative Study by King Prajadhipok’s Institute for UNDP)gnlm
