U Thein Kyi, Chairman of the National Political Alliance (NPA) presented the policy, stance and work procedures of his party through radio and television on the evening of 7 November.
The full text of the presentation is as follows: –

Esteemed voters,
Our National Political Alliance (NPA) was formed to compete in the 2020 general election held in accord with the Constitution (2008). It was founded with nine political forces, including founders U Tin Tun Maung (father of film star Dwe), U Kyi Win from Mingaladon Constituency, U Mya Hlaing from Twantay Constituency, U Hla Soe from Minbu Constituency, U Tin Win from Kyaiklat Constituency and U Thein Kyi from Taungdwingyi Constituency. At present, U Thein Kyi is serving the duty of Chairman of the National Political Alliance (NPA).
Our party participated in the 2015 general election and the 2020 general election successively without derailment from the electoral programme and democracy, and served the duties in respective positions for the sake of the nation to achieve greater success.
Our party will compete in four seats for the Pyithu Hluttaw. U Kyaw Kyaw Han of our party will compete in Taikkyi Township constituency, U Nyan Lin Aung in South Okkalapa Township constituency, U Aung Myo Min in Mingala Taungnyunt Township constituency and U Thein Kyi in Tamway Township constituency in the 2025 general election. Our party aims to compete in the election in order to achieve success in democracy and federalism.
The motto of our party is:
Peace comes first.
Democracy is fundamental.
Improvement of the lives of people is pivotal.
Without peace, there can be no democracy.
The current situation in the country clearly shows that without democracy, the lives of the people, including their security, access to food, clothing, shelter, and transport, are in a downward trend, and they have to face hardships.
Thus, our party has been cooperating with the current government since the time of President U Thein Sein in the peace process.
The restoration of peace is not something that only a government, an individual, or an organization can accomplish. To truly understand and realize the value and essence of peace, each generation must pass down good traditions and legacies from one generation to the next.
Hence, a country has two forces: the constructive element and the destructive element.
At present, the armed conflicts, trespass from the east and the west, and acts of violence that our country is experiencing are being exploited by destructive forces as if they are gaining strength. Terrorism is not only the enemy of our country but the common enemy of the entire world.
Every country has historical institutions and organizations that have preserved the state from being destroyed. For example, in China, it is the Communist Party, and in India, it is the parliamentary system. In Myanmar, the only historical institution that has maintained the unity and integrity of the country is the Myanmar Tatmadaw.
Accepting the actual politics of the country, the constructive elements of the country have to join hands with Tatmadaw in carrying out the nation-building undertakings together without distinction of civilian and military.
The entire population must be aware that if the constructive elements are not strong and effective, the destructive elements will quickly rise again, and the country will have to endure disastrous consequences. For peace and the achievement of democracy, the entire population needs to participate in the electoral process and walk the path together.
Esteemed voters,
The political rights of the people include the right to vote for those who will govern them and the right to stand for election themselves. Without political parties, elections cannot take place, and even the most basic level of democracy — electoral democracy – cannot be realized for the people. Through elections, a government emerges that represents the people and exercises the power entrusted to it by them. Under the federal system, based on the constitution, powers and responsibilities, such as legislative authority, tax and budget allocation, and natural resource management, can be properly divided between the union and state governments.
Therefore, for a multiparty democratic system to be strong, the entire population must participate actively. Only then can elections be held regularly, and democratic rights be realized. For a strong and stable union government, the people need to be qualified citizens with good capabilities.
Esteemed voters,
As mentioned above, if peace and democracy are firmly established, social life will not only become more harmonious and secure but also improve significantly in various areas, including:
1. Education
2. Health
3. Social welfare
4. Economy
Therefore, to advance social well-being and achieve peace and democracy, the most important factor is the rule of law.
Therefore, from an early age, citizens need to be taught to develop a love for their country, respect for their language and religion, obedience to the law, and understanding of civic duties.
Regarding the health sector, National expenditures for health may vary from country to country depending on each nation’s revenue. However, a government has the legal means to protect the health and longevity of its citizens. For example, this includes food and medicines. If everyone truly loves their people and the country, they must carefully monitor and inspect the food they consume daily and the medicines they use. Only by doing this can they truly love the people. On the other hand, this approach can reduce the costs of citizens seeking medical treatment abroad while strengthening domestic healthcare and medical research industries.
Regarding social matters, from the reign of King Anawrahta, the founder of the first Myanmar Empire, it has been necessary to preserve and protect Buddhism and the country’s cultural heritage. Our human society is held together by these cultural traditions. Undermining these traditions while claiming to promote democracy and human rights is deceptive, and it only intends to harmfully destroy Myanmar society with ignorance. For example, lessons can be drawn from the government’s actions between 2015 and 2020. Therefore, as a party, we believe that future governments should work to develop and strengthen the religions, beliefs, and cultural traditions that unite Myanmar’s society, while simultaneously striving to implement the democratic system in a manner consistent with Myanmar’s own methods and character.
Regarding the country’s economy, the world is currently experiencing waves of agriculture, industry, and technology. However, our country remains a society primarily based on agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to practically and effectively develop the agricultural sector. When it comes to establishing industry and advancing technology, the most critical factor is ensuring access to electricity in any way. Without electricity, no country can realistically achieve true development. Future governments must make decisions and take action to secure the nation’s energy needs, whether through the ways — Myitsone project or nuclear energy.
Esteemed voters,
A country cannot remain isolated in the international community. Therefore, it must interact and maintain relations with the international community. In particular, our country is strategically located between two powerful nations, India and China, and also serves as an outlet to the Indian Ocean. To ensure Myanmar’s stability, peace, and the achievement of democracy, it is necessary to carefully balance power with competing global forces between the West and the East and neighbouring strong countries, while continuing to pursue an independent and active foreign policy. In this way, Myanmar has to navigate international relations cautiously and skillfully.
In conclusion, the most important and final point is that future governments should not discard or completely restart the policies and pathways established by previous administrations. Instead, it is necessary to cultivate a political culture in which good policies, plans, and programmes must be effectively implemented.
May the voters enjoy peace and prosperity.
“May the country reach its goals, and may its citizens also achieve theirs”.

GNLM

Daw Cho Cho Kyaw Nyein, Chairperson of the Federal Democratic Party, presented the policy, stance and work procedures of her party through radio and television on the evening of 7 November.
The full text of the presentation is as follows: –

Esteemed people,
I am Daw Cho Cho Kyaw Nyein, Chairperson of the Federal Democratic Party. My parents are U Kyaw Nyein (Ex-Deputy Prime Minister of the State) and Daw Nwet Nwet Yi. My father, U Kyaw Nyein, was a prominent figure who worked hand in hand on the front lines with General Aung San to achieve Myanmar’s independence. After Myanmar gained independence and the nation was established, it became a country respected by most nations in Southeast Asia.
My mother, Daw Nwet Nwet Yi, was a devoted donor who daily offered alms to 1,000 monks. During the ceremony of the Sixth Buddhist Synod, she served as the primary donor at the pagoda of Kaba Aye Cave in Yangon, presenting offerings to the monks. She also worked alongside my father and actively participated in Myanmar’s independence struggle.
Esteemed people,
“How to rebuild the nation” — that was what my father always used to say. Since Myanmar regained independence, internal instability has continued to this day. The ethnic nationalities have also been consistently calling for the establishment of a Union based on democracy and a federal system.
In general, federalism means reducing central control. From my studies, I’ve learned that there are various forms of federal systems. I believe that the system we choose must be suited to our own country. Among the types of federalism, the ones most commonly seen are those based on ethnicity and those based on regions and states.
From my perspective, since Myanmar is a country composed of 135 ethnic nationalities, establishing a federation based solely on ethnicity could lead to significant complexities. Therefore, our party firmly believes in building a federal system based on regions and states. This is why we established the Federal Democratic Party in Bago Region.
Once the legislature is formed, the problems faced by the people can be discussed in the Hluttaw through their elected representatives. To effectively oversee the government, these Hluttaw representatives must also be competent. Our party has selected educated candidates for the Hluttaw and has also gathered a majority of advocates as Hluttaw candidates. I believe that the government emerging after the elections will be based on a multiparty democratic system and will include a majority of parties. With a majority-inclusive government, mutual checks and balances can be maintained, enabling the nation’s reconstruction and development efforts to be carried out more efficiently and swiftly.
Esteemed people,
Every citizen of the Union must have chances to: –
(a) fully enjoy political freedoms,
(b) enjoy economic freedoms, and
(c) enjoy social freedoms.
These rights are fully protected through the establishment of the “Federal Democratic Party”. It is presented that the Union of Myanmar belongs to all its citizens, that they share the responsibility for the Union’s development, and that the nation will be built as a strong Union based on democracy and a federal system.
The golden yellow background of the Federal Democratic Party’s flag represents the nation’s abundant natural resources, both above and below the ground, and the resulting wealth and prosperity. The green peacock symbolizes that all citizens of the Union live in peace, contentment, and happiness.
Policy and stance
Our party will work to ensure that all citizens of the Union fully enjoy democratic rights and to establish a Union founded on democracy and a federal system.
The democratic system, our party believes in, upholds universal virtues such as freedom, justice, and equality. It aims to ensure that the people fully enjoy fundamental freedoms and rights, including political freedom, economic freedom, judicial independence, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, and the freedom to organize and assemble.
National reconciliation
National reconciliation is crucial for the country’s development. The Federal Democratic Party places great emphasis on this principle and will strive to ensure its success.
Ethnic minority affairs
Through the Panglong Conference, General Aung San led the effort to establish national unity among the ethnic nationalities.
The 1947 Constitution was drafted by the Parliament. The Constitution, which was adopted by the national leaders at that time, was designed in a way that satisfied the minority groups and ensured effective administration of the country. In essence, it established a union system — fundamentally a unified state. However, with independence came the rise of dogmatism, racism and sectanarism, which caused discord among the people.
Economic sector
In the economic sector, there are various forms of enterprises such as the free market economy, private production businesses, joint ventures between local and foreign investors, joint ventures between the government and the private sector, tripartite ventures involving the government, private sector, and foreign investors, intergovernmental joint ventures, cooperative societies, and state-owned economic enterprises.
Education policy
“The Federal Democratic Party” will implement plans aimed at establishing a long-lasting and sustainable education system. The Federal Democratic Party will develop Myanmar’s healthcare system to meet international standards in line with modern times.
Social welfare policy
The Federal Democratic Party believes that all citizens of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar are entitled to equal protection and care from the State and the Myanmar social community. In particular, children and the elderly deserve special protection and care from both the government and the people. The party will ensure that persons with disabilities, the poor, the sick, and patients receive at least free medical treatment, preventive care, and protection. For the homeless, the party will create affordable housing under the National Social Welfare Programme to provide temporary shelter and food.
Farmer affairs
All farmers will be granted rights such as land transfer, inheritance, and the freedom to sell their land.
For agricultural activities, necessary support will be provided to ensure access to high-quality seeds and high-yield crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, and equipment for soil preparation and maintenance. In agriculture and farming, support will be provided to enable the cultivation of crops, including rice and industrial raw materials, in a planned and fair manner without malpractice, so that farmers can freely grow crops that respond to domestic and international market prices and generate greater foreign income.
State defence and Tatmadaw sector
Tatmadaw, composed of offspring of the people, will continue to uphold its fine traditions as a people’s Tatmadaw and a patriotic Tatmadaw.
Foreign affairs
Every country must maintain friendly relations with the international community in accordance with its national interests. On this basis, foreign policy must be formulated, observed, and implemented.
The vision of the Federal Democratic Party
In building the new Union of Myanmar, our “Federal Democratic Party” aims to:
(a) Ensure that every citizen of the Union equally enjoys democratic and fundamental human rights in an orderly manner,
(b) Establish a peaceful and prosperous Union,
(c) Promote national unity and reconciliation, and
(d) Facilitate the emergence of a Union based on democracy and a federal system.
Esteemed people,
In conclusion, as the Federal Democratic Party is based in the Bago Region, we invite the people of the Bago Region to join hands and work together with our party. We, the Federal Democratic Party, pledge to addressing the needs of the people under the Constitution.

GNLM

Dr Thet Thet Khine, Chairperson of the People’s Pioneer Party (PPP), presented the policy, stance and work procedures of her party through radio and television on the evening of 6 November.
The full text of the presentation is as follows: –

Esteemed citizens of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, I first extend my respectful greetings and wish you all complete well-being and auspiciousness. Our People’s Pioneer Party, widely known as the 3-P party, is a programmatic party established based on policies and operational procedures. Following the party’s motto, “People’s livelihood comes first; grow peacefully and securely”, we have set policies and programmes aimed at building a better future for all citizens. These will be systematically planned and implemented as the 100-day plan, the one-year plan, and the five-year plan.
Myanmar had faced political changes even before the global COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020 and lasted until late 2022, had fully ended. In succession, we also endured severe natural disasters. In addition, domestic farming, livestock, and production costs have sharply increased due to insufficient electricity and restrictions on raw material imports. Security challenges and the opening of illegal gates on routes have driven up transport costs, causing commodity prices to rise significantly, which the entire population has had to bear.
In politics, national unity among the people has broken down, and due to ongoing conflicts, the country faces numerous security challenges. There is a strong desire among the entire population to live in peace. The People’s Pioneer Party will prioritize reducing conflicts and promoting durable peace so that people can live securely and peacefully. Amid these conflicts, employment opportunities for young people have also become scarce, leading many to migrate from rural areas to cities or even abroad in search of work.
Esteemed people, our People’s Pioneer Party has presented three sections of the 2025 election manifesto.
(a) First, to improve the income and employment opportunities for all citizens, we will simultaneously work to quickly reduce commodity prices – a major challenge affecting people’s livelihoods – while also striving in a balanced way to increase incomes and job opportunities. This includes making it easy for unemployed youth to find work, coordinating with employers to ensure all basic workers receive fair wages for their labour, providing farmers with quality seeds, technology, and loans to increase their income, and supporting the digital economy to help people earn additional income. We will also develop accessible and efficient remittance services for migrant workers and Myanmar citizens abroad to send money to their families. At the same time, systematic programmes will be implemented to provide direct support to low-income households, persons with disabilities, and vulnerable individuals. In addition, for Tatmadaw members, police, and civil service personnel who are serving on the frontlines and in conflict areas, we will prioritize providing enhanced allowances. We will establish reward systems, housing, pensions, insurance, scholarships, and other incentive schemes to ensure future security. For all taxpayers, long-term housing loan systems will be introduced to enable home ownership, along with rental housing programmes for workers. Housing projects will provide opportunities to apply for long-term housing loans, systematically increasing demand and investment in the real estate and construction sectors.
(b) In areas where natural disasters and conflicts require extensive reconstruction, we will simultaneously provide effective humanitarian assistance to affected communities and, through charitable and civil society organizations, build public trust while carrying out rehabilitation and reconciliation.
(c) In disaster- and conflict-affected areas, basic services such as schools, hospitals, and social infrastructure will be rebuilt through the Cash-for-Work and the Cash-for-Skill programmes. These initiatives will create livelihoods and employment opportunities for affected communities while supporting their resettlement and recovery.
(d) In the health and education sectors, financial support will be provided to enable reforms in healthcare services and to develop human resources. Human resource development will also be aligned with economic prospects, science, technology, and AI disciplines, approaching Industrial Level 5.0 step by step.
Esteemed people, in the second section, the following initiatives will be implemented to ensure the peace and security of the people.
(a) To ensure a ceasefire and allow all communities to equally enjoy the fruits of peace, economic linkages and transport connectivity between states, regions, and border areas will be developed to build trust among ethnic groups without causing resentment.
(b) We will manage the root causes of conflicts, seek solutions through discussions with all relevant parties, implement economic connectivity projects that support peace, modernize Tatmadaw with fully capable resources, and establish good civil-military relations.
(c) For forgiveness, no retaliation, justice, and national reconciliation, a national reconciliation programme will be established to address the sufferings and losses caused by conflicts. Cases filed unilaterally in international courts will also be responsibly managed and resolved.
(d) We will accurately promote and implement a Union that aligns with Myanmar’s specific conditions, including the teaching rights of indigenous languages, and supports the flourishing of literature and culture.
(e) We will coordinate with political partners to implement amendments to the Constitution, including Section 261 and Schedules 1, 2, and 5, establishing a functional democracy, effective public administration, a trusted rule of law, and an ethical media sector.
Esteemed people, in the third section, we aim to restore a market economy system. In this process, the government and private sectors will have clearly defined and collaborative responsibilities to ensure that every citizen’s income and employment opportunities improve, and that the nation’s living standards can compete with neighbouring countries. To enhance the national economy and achieve development that benefits everyone, the following initiatives will be implemented.
(a) To stabilize the macroeconomy by reducing rising prices and inflation, we will strengthen the value of the kyat, continue using the managed float system for foreign exchange rates based on market mechanisms, ease trade licensing, and establish legal channels for overseas remittances, implementing these measures through carefully planned programmes.
(b) To address the needs for post-conflict and post-disaster rehabilitation, the government, private sector, and international partners will collaborate to promote disaster risk management funding, plan long-term preparedness programmes, and construct resilient basic infrastructure.
(c) Support will be provided by the Hluttaw to ensure stability in budgets and monetary policies. For the private sector, red tape will be removed to allow businesses to operate smoothly, while Quick Wins programmes will be implemented to generate rapid economic results.
(d) Support will be provided for farmland ownership for every farmer, higher-yield and higher-value consumer goods, new livestock products, economic zones that reduce land investment costs, and financial programmes such as supply chain financing to support the entire value chain.
(e) Services will be provided through a one-stop service programme for business registration, capital, technology, research and development, and market linkages. Additionally, a credit guarantee scheme will be established to support bank financing and business operations.
(f) Regular public-private dialogue meetings will be organized, bringing together senior government officials, economic experts, business leaders, and successful innovators for coordinated discussions.
(g) Through independent and active foreign policy, regional connectivity, and a robust geoeconomic strategy, we will access regional and international markets while enhancing Myanmar’s global profile. At the same time, coordination will be quickly implemented to connect economic corridors across neighbouring countries and states and regions, including the Asian Expressway, the China–Myanmar Economic Corridor, and the Kaladan River Basin projects.
(h) Efforts will be made to develop green and renewable energy, advanced systems for cargo and passenger transport, secure and efficient internet connectivity, online public services and e-commerce, and to advance Myanmar’s standards in line with international benchmarks.
(i) Special emphasis will be placed on systematically extracting and producing natural products, increasing their value, and developing green-based, renewable energy production.
In conclusion, our People’s Pioneer Party will systematically implement the 100-day, the one-year, and the five-year plans. Through this structured approach, we aim to ensure the continuous, peaceful, and secure development of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.

GNLM

May everyone in Myanmar live in auspiciousness, and may all citizens enjoy good health and well-being. First of all, I extend my best wishes to you. I am Naw Thazin Tope, Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.). I will now present the principles, policies, and future activities of the Karen National Democratic Party.
The Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.) aims to work together with all citizens of Myanmar’s ethnic communities living within Kayin State to build a peaceful and prosperous Kayin State, thereby contributing to the construction of a strong and united Myanmar in the future.
The Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.) is a political party that represents the Karen ethnic people living together in Kayin State, as well as all other ethnic groups and communities.
Therefore, the party is participating in the 2025 election to work together with the Kayin ethnic people, other ethnic groups, and communities living in Kayin State to jointly address and find solutions to the social, political, and economic challenges they currently face.
I will now present the five political policies of the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.) –
These are: to build a nation where all eight ethnic groups and communities can live together equally and harmoniously; to stand independently in a democratic manner, according to the will of the people, without accepting the influence or pressure of any individual, organization, or political party; to form alliances with political parties that share the same objectives and goals, and to jointly work on national development and peacemaking efforts; to undertake amendments and supplements to the Constitution to construct a Union based on democracy and a federal system; and to assess the changing conditions across the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and follow a neutral, moderate path that ensures harmony and balance.
I will now present the plans of the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.). These are:
To formulate and implement short-term, medium-term, and long-term policies on education and livelihoods for Kayin youth and other ethnic minority youth living in Kayin State; to develop and implement policies in collaboration with the Union government that can address the difficulties and problems faced by migrant workers; to collaborate with the Union government in formulating and implementing technical and investment policies aimed at advancing the agricultural and livestock sectors.
To coordinate with the Union government in formulating and implementing policies for livelihoods that conserve the natural environment and minimize environmental degradation, and to work with relevant stakeholders and organizations in Kayin State to develop and implement policies promoting stability, peace, and comprehensive development.
To formulate and implement effective policies, in coordination with relevant organizations, that ensure all prisoners serving sentences under the law can live in prison according to international human rights standards and receive fair and just opportunities for release and peaceful reintegration;
To implement policies based on standards that promote the rights of every citizen in education, health, and social affairs; to join hands with the Ministry of Ethnic Affairs in implementing international conventions regarding the rights of women and children; to work together with the Union government to prioritize and address the needs and resettlement programmes for people displaced by armed conflicts;
To formulate and implement laws and policies that recognize and respect the traditional land management practices of ethnic communities, and to undertake actions that ensure sustainable development based on human knowledge and human resource capacities.
The Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.) is a political party formed to serve the interests of all Kayin people according to their aspirations. It emerged from the reunification of four Kayin-based parties in Kayin State, which had been established before 2017.
We vow to strive for and implement efforts to ensure a better future for Kayin State and all Myanmar citizens living within Kayin State.
* Vote for K.N.D.P. to bring an end to conflicts.
* Vote for K.N.D.P. to achieve equal and balanced development.
* Improve the livelihoods of the people with the emblems Buffalo horns, Frog drum, and Red sun.
The translated presentation of Saw Min Min Myaing, Central Executive member of the Karen National Development Party (K.N.D.P.) in Myanmar, from the Poe Kayin language —
Esteemed gentlemen and beloved national brethren, I sincerely wish you auspiciousness, prosperity, completeness, peace, and happiness.
I am Saw Min Min Myaing, Central Executive Committee member of the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.). I will contest as a candidate for the Kayin State Hluttaw in the multiparty democratic general election 2025.
The multiparty democratic general election is the lifeblood of democracy. Everyone must contribute and cooperate for the development of the nation and the state.
We will strive to preserve and promote Kayin literature, culture, and traditions, as well as to safeguard the national heritage passed down and protected by our ancestors and elders as the rightful legacy of the Kayin people. We will also work to uphold and promote significant Kayin national occasions such as Kayin New Year Day, the traditional Kayin Wrist-Tying Ceremony, and Kayin National Day.
The “Buffalo Horns and Frog Drum with Nine Rays” is the emblem of the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.). Please remember it well. I would be deeply grateful if you cherish the Kayin people and hold the K.N.D.P. in high regard. In the 2025 election, all esteemed Kayin voters need to consider our party to cast their votes.
May everyone be healthy. May you succeed in all things.
The translated presentation of Saw Min Min Myaing, Central Executive member of the Karen National Development Party (K.N.D.P.) in Myanmar, from the Sakaw Kayin language —
May you be peaceful, prosperous, and blessed with all virtues.
The multiparty democratic general election 2025 is of great importance for the nation and the people. It will not only reflect the will of the people but also make them aware of the matters that need to be carried out for the country.
We must prioritize non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity and perpetuation of sovereignty, and act step by step to uphold these principles. As voters, the public must cast their votes correctly and without error. Each vote is precious, and it must be used wisely. Cast your vote for the “Buffalo Horns, Frog Drum, and Red Sun” emblem of the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.). For the sake of Kayin State and its people, ensure that your vote does not go to waste—vote for our K.N.D.P.
Please cast your vote for the Karen National Democratic Party (K.N.D.P.).
May everyone be healthy. May you succeed in all things.

GNLM

I extend my respectful greetings and best wishes to all our Union-born national brethren, and to all Myanmar citizens and working people across the nation, wishing everyone complete happiness, peace of mind, and good health.
I am Yan Kyin Kan, Chairman of the Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KKDUP). I will present the policy, stance, and work procedures of our party to the entire Kokang ethnic people as well as all the national people.

Esteemed national brethren of the Union,
Our Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KKDUP) was established in 1989 during Myanmar’s political reform period, in accordance with the Political Parties Registration Law, and rules, and regulations. The party was founded under the leadership and guidance of the prominent Kokang leaders, who carried on a long and distinguished historical tradition.
Accordingly, the party has re-registered as required by law, rules, and procedures in line with political necessities, and has continued its political journey. As a result, it is an ethnic political party that has gained considerable experience throughout its political endeavours.
In the 2015 multiparty democratic general election, our party contested in Lashio, Hsenwi, and Kunlong townships, and won seats in both the Pyithu Hluttaw from Kunlong Township and the Shan State Hluttaw. Thus, it has also gained appropriate parliamentary political experience.
To present the policies, stances, activities, objectives and visions of the Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KKDUP), the Kokang ethnic people are a national group living in the hilly border regions. Although they are now residing across Myanmar, the majority still lag in education, social affairs, health, and economic development. While they are citizens of the Union and recognized as a national ethnic group, they still need to gain proper awareness of both their national duties and the ethnic rights they deserve.
The Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KKDUP) was founded to represent the Kokang ethnic people, who still face many needs that must be addressed through political means, including gaining proper knowledge in education, health, social, and economic affairs, and fully enjoying the ethnic rights they deserve. The party emerged to enable the Kokang people to live together in equality and harmony with other ethnic groups.
Since the Kokang ethnic people live alongside all other Union-born national brethren, improving their social conditions, including education, health, and economic development, is essential. Only then can they participate in advancing a State based on democracy and a federal system, as envisioned by the government, without being marginalized. By standing and moving forward together with other ethnic communities, they can become valuable citizens contributing meaningfully to the nation.
In particular, within Myanmar’s changing political landscape, it is essential to have a genuine spirit of union and a correct, principled perspective and mindset as Union-born ethnic people.
Moreover, the party firmly upholds the policies and principles that aim to work together with all ethnic people to ensure non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity and perpetuation of sovereignty. It also seeks to help all ethnic communities build a new, peaceful, and secure social framework where everyone can live well. In this way, the Kokang ethnic people stand ready to represent their entire community and fulfil their historical responsibility.
Moreover, the party aspires to firmly advance politics based on fundamental principles that allow it to operate and progress without bias.
The above presentation sincerely outlines the policies, principles, activities, and aspirations of the Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KKDUP).
May all Union-born Kokang ethnic people and all national brethren live in peace and serenity.

GNLM

Nang Yi Yi Win, Central Executive Committee member of the Pa-O National Organization (PNO), presented the policy, stance and work procedures of her party on radio and television on the evening of 1 November.
The full text of the presentation is as follows: —

Let’s vote for the “Dragon” to ensure peace, stability, and development.
I sincerely wish all esteemed voters good health, happiness, and well-being, both physically and mentally. I am Nang Yi Yi Win (aka) Nang Lon Kham, the Central Executive Committee member of the Pa-O National Organization (PNO). I would like to introduce the Pa-O National Organization (PNO), which will be contesting in the general elections to be held in 2025 and 2026.
On 24–25 March 2010, a Pa-O National Conference was held, attended by a wide range of representatives from across the Pa-O community. These included leaders from the Pa-O National Organization (PNO) led by U Aung Kham Hti, other Pa-O leaders from political, literary and cultural organizations, heads of Pa-O literary and cultural committees at different universities, leaders from various Pa-O social organizations, as well as public representatives, intellectuals, and professionals from Shan, Kayah, Kayin and Mon states, and the regions of Bago, Yangon, and Mandalay. All attendees of the conference unanimously agreed to establish the Pa-O National Organization (PNO) so that it could participate in the upcoming general elections as a political party representing the Pa-O ethnic nationality. So, our Pa-O National Organization (PNO) was established in 2010 to compete in the general elections as a party representing the Pa-O ethnic people.
Esteemed voters,
Thanks to the steadfast support and encouragement of the Pa-O ethnic people as well as our fellow ethnic national brethren, the Pa-O National Organization (PNO) was able to contest with 10 candidates in the 2010 general election in Shan State, and all 10 were successfully elected as Hluttaw representatives. In the 2015 general election, the party fielded 11 candidates in Shan State, of whom 10 were elected. As a result, the elected representatives of the PNO had the opportunity to serve in various Hluttaw and in the leading body of the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone. They have diligently worked for the prosperity and benefit of both the nation and the people.
In every election in which it achieved success, our Pa-O National Organization (PNO) has prioritized regional development and the socioeconomic advancement of the people. In line with the provisions of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA), the party has led and organized national-level political dialogues for the Pa-O ethnic people, actively participated in the domestic peace process, and taken an important role in constitutional amendment efforts. The PNO has also made strong efforts to establish laws and bylaws that protect and safeguard the rights of ethnic nationalities. Moreover, it has engaged directly with the public to understand and address their needs, carried out programs to enhance the capacity of youth and women, and implemented public awareness and education activities.
In addition, our party has actively carried out various initiatives such as creating job opportunities, implementing timely public information activities for the benefit of the people, and preserving and promoting national identity and historical heritage. We have also undertaken regional development works, including the construction and improvement of roads, bridges, electricity supply, schools, and dispensaries. Furthermore, the party has supported efforts to produce high-value agricultural products, assisted in developing individual and family-based livelihood and livestock enterprises to increase household income, and promoted the growth of the hotel and tourism industries. It has also encouraged and supported sports and physical activities that contribute to public health and well-being.
Our party has also made strong efforts to support citizens affected by natural disasters and to conduct public awareness campaigns aimed at preventing youth from engaging in drug abuse. These public welfare activities have been carried out through various channels — whether through different Hluttaw and the Leading Body of Pa-O Self-Administered Zone, in cooperation with the Government and relevant social organizations, or through direct coordination and collaboration with local communities.
Esteemed voters,
Our Pa-O National Organization (PNO) emerged from the people themselves, and as such, it takes the issues and needs of the people seriously, treating them as the party’s own priorities. The party continuously seeks effective methods and works diligently to address and fulfil these issues and needs for the benefit of the community. At present, it is clear that the most urgent needs of the people are peace and stability, as well as development across various sectors. Only when the region is peaceful and stable can the people’s health, education, economy, and other sectors develop smoothly and effectively. Therefore, maintaining peace and stability and promoting development in all sectors is an issue of vital importance for every citizen of our nation.
Therefore, we wish to inform the public that our Pa-O National Organization (PNO), following the election slogan “Let’s vote for the ‘Dragon’ for peace and development,” will prioritize maintaining peace and stability as well as promoting development across all sectors. To achieve this focus on peace and sectoral development, in the upcoming 2025 general election, the PNO Party will contest with 51 candidates for the Amyotha Hluttaw, Pyithu Hluttaw and Pyidaungsu Hluttaw across 29 constituencies in Shan State.
The 51 candidates of our Pa-O National Organization (PNO) are filled with patriotism and national spirit, and most of them hold degrees in various fields. To encourage greater participation of the younger generation and women, we respectfully inform the voters that among the PNO candidates contesting in the election, 59 per cent are under the age of 40, and 20 per cent are women.
Esteemed voters,
I would like to respectfully present the key priorities and planned initiatives of PNO will focus on from 2025 to 2030 as follows: –
We will prioritize efforts to ensure regional and Union peace, and the establishment of a federal Union based on democracy.
We will focus on promoting harmonious coexistence among all people, regardless of ethnicity or religion, fostering unity and mutual understanding among ethnic groups.
We will make every effort to ensure public safety, health, quality education, and socioeconomic development for the people.
We will make every effort to ensure that young people have access to suitable employment and to promote technology-based economic enterprises that minimize environmental impact.
We will fully strive to advance regional development projects.
We will prioritize the efforts of preserving, protecting, and promoting the culture, traditions, historical heritage, and rights of the Pa-O people and other coexisting ethnic groups.
Moreover, we will work in accordance with the law to ensure that the Pa-O people receive rights and privileges that are consistent with their dignity and status. In Special Region (6), we will prioritize organizing, protecting, and ensuring the security and peaceful lives of the ethnic communities residing there.
We will strive to make Special Region (6) and the areas inhabited by the Pa-O people prominent and well-recognized.
In conclusion, I would like to say that if the people elect candidates from our Pa-O National Organization (PNO) as Hluttaw representatives, we will diligently work on behalf of the people to address national and public affairs, as well as to promote peace, stability, and development for the benefit of the community.
Our party fully trusts and relies on the people’s support and believes that the citizens will give their votes to the Pa-O National Organization (PNO). We also wish to record our special thanks to each and every voter who will cast their vote for the PNO. On behalf of the Pa-O National Organization (PNO), we sincerely wish all the people who have watched and listened with attention good health and well-being. We extend our heartfelt thanks to everyone.
Let’s vote for the “Dragon” to ensure peace, stability, and development.

GNLM

U Sai Htay Aung, Chairman of the Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party (T.N.D.P), presented the policy, stance and work procedures of his party on radio and television on the evening of 31 October.
The full text of the presentation is as follows: —

Mingalaba! I wish you all good health and success in your economic endeavours.
I am U Sai Htay Aung, Chairman of the Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party (T.N.D.P).

Esteemed voters,
Our party firmly believes that only when all ethnic nationalities living in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar coexist free from oppression and domination, under the universal principles of justice, freedom, and equality, and when all ethnic groups live together in harmony – mutually respecting and valuing each other’s religions, beliefs, traditions, and cultures – can we achieve genuine unity and establish a united, strong, stable Union based on democracy and federalism. In line with this belief, since the founding of our party, we have steadfastly and consistently upheld and worked according to this conviction.
We are also focusing on enabling the younger generation to become educated and skilled professionals, and to actively and enthusiastically participate in nation-building efforts. We are implementing a plan to encourage greater participation of women in Myanmar’s political sphere.
In the upcoming multiparty democratic general election, our party has set out a four-point plan and would like to sincerely inform the public that we will exert our utmost efforts and dedication to carry it out with the people’s interests at heart.
Plan 1: Peace
Esteemed voters,
Peace is essential for a nation to achieve development. To attain peace, if everyone engages in dialogue and negotiation in the present time with a strong spirit of patriotism and genuine goodwill, lasting peace can certainly be achieved.
Our people have long yearned deeply for peace and freedom. In accordance with the will of the people, I would like to urge all our national brethren to unite and work together to build a great Union based on democracy and federalism.
When we study countries around the world, we find that nations affected by war suffer loss of life and destruction of homes, and their development lags. There is no evidence that a country develops as a result of war. As an example, former war-torn countries like Vietnam and Cambodia, after achieving peace, now allow their citizens to live and work well, and their nations are progressing and developing. Therefore, we should also prioritize the interests of the nation and the people, and instead of resolving political issues through armed means, we must meet at the discussion table to seek solutions and continue working until a lasting peace is achieved.
Plan 2: To obtain the correct name of Shanni ethnic
Esteemed voters,
According to historical records, the Shanni ethnic group has established towns and villages and lived within the territory of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar for over 3,000 years. Although they share the same language, literature, culture, traditions, and historical background, their ethnic identity has become nearly obscured over time due to being referred to by various names.
Even after Myanmar gained independence, the Shan people have been referred to by various names, such as Shanni, Shan-Bamar, Shankalay, and Myaylat Shan. In the Shan language, depending on the region, they are also called Tai-Nai, Tai-Doi, Tai-Lyan, and Tai-Leng, which, when translated into Myanmar, all correspond to Shanni. In addition, those living along the Chindwin and Uru Rivers are called Western River Shan, those along the railway line are called Railway Shan, and those along the Ayeyawady River are called Eastern River Shan.
Because the Shanni people have been referred to by various names, it has been difficult to compile accurate records of their ethnicity. Therefore, Shanni national activists and members of the Sangha held meetings in Hkamti on 19 and 20 February 2016 and in Mohnyin on 27 and 28 February 2016. Following these gatherings, the Shanni National Conference was held in Mandalay on 26 and 27 March 2016, where all attendees unanimously agreed to officially identify their ethnic group as “Shanni”.
Our party submitted the resolutions of the Shanni National Conference to the Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong on 2 September 2016. In Myanmar, only the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw has the authority to make final decisions on national matters. Therefore, to secure official recognition of the Shanni ethnic name, we earnestly appeal to all Shanni people to take it as a national duty to ensure that representatives from our party are successfully elected to the respective Hluttaws.
Plan 3: Enhancement of farmers’ life
Esteemed voters,
According to the 2014 census, over 67 per cent of Myanmar’s population are farmers. Based on this figure, if farmers become prosperous, the nation as a whole can also achieve greater development. As I am a farmer myself, I personally understand this and would like to express my commitment to doing my utmost to work for the well-being of fellow farmers.
Rising commodity prices, increased costs of agricultural inputs, higher labour wages, and the imbalance between rice production and income versus expenses have caused losses for farmers. Some farmers are no longer able to continue working in agriculture and have had to take up other forms of employment.
Due to the impacts of armed conflicts, displacement, and agricultural disruptions caused by fluctuating market prices, farmers are unable to cultivate their fields properly. Even on arable land suitable for rice cultivation, insufficient use of fertilizers has led to reduced production of high-quality rice, which is deeply regrettable for the nation to improve the livelihoods of our farmers. The government has taken measures to support their needs, including providing technical assistance, ensuring access to good markets, and offering sufficient short- and long-term loans. If farmers are able to cultivate and produce high-quality rice and crops, it will greatly contribute to national development. Therefore, our party pledges to continue working tirelessly to enhance the well-being of farmers.
Plan 4: Amendment, supplementation and revocation to the Constitution
Esteemed voters,
The 2008 Constitution that we are currently following, in my view, was drafted based on a democratic system that aligns with the needs of Myanmar.
I believe that only by amending, supplementing, and repealing the Constitution in accordance with the times can we achieve a modern, strong, and resilient constitutional framework.
During the last two consecutive Hluttaw terms, constitutional amendments were limited. However, between 2021 and 2025, representatives from the National Solidarity and Peacemaking Negotiation Committee (NSPNC) and working groups of political parties discussed the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. As a result, they reached a preliminary agreement on 43 points for amendment and supplementation. While amending and supplementing the Constitution, it is also necessary to repeal provisions that are no longer needed. This agreement demonstrates that Tatmadaw is actively working towards an amendment to the Constitution.
In conclusion, I want to say that if we are to build a Union based on democracy and federalism, the people must cast their votes in elections. Political changes achieved through elections will allow citizens to live peacefully without loss or destruction. For the upcoming general election, we urge the people to vote for the parties they trust. This election is a key opportunity to transition the system in the best possible way. We also encourage the Shanni people to vote for their ethnic party. Only if their party wins and secures seats in the Hluttaw will it be able to present opportunities for other ethnic groups on equal terms. As a party, we pledge to work diligently for the benefit of the voters, addressing not only the four points mentioned earlier but also promoting political, educational, health, economic, and social development. This is our final message and commitment.
Thank you all.
May voters and our fellow citizens remain safe and far from danger.

GNLM

The election to be held in Myanmar on 28 December must be dignified, free, and fair, and the Hluttaw must likewise be a dignified one, said Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Acting President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and Chairman of the State Security and Peace Commission of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar at the coordination meeting between the SSPC and the Union government the other day.
The Senior General stressed that the relevant security authorities shall give priority to ensuring that election candidates can campaign safely and securely. Effective action shall also be taken against saboteurs who attempt to disrupt the success of the election. As such, he highlighted the important functions for authorities over the electoral process.

In the election, people will elect candidates to represent them in the Hluttaw as a platform to speak out about their aspirations and administrative processes for the State. Hence, when those representatives assume power, they must not become arrogant or ungrateful, but rather govern with respect, treating the people as their benefactors. Only then will peace and prosperity prevail throughout the country.

In this regard, the government, on its part, has to diligently serve duties to hold the election successfully, while eligible voters are keen to cast their votes so as to select the candidates as their Hluttaw representatives. Like a triangle relation, as two sides are waiting for the election, how to dutifully do their activities, candidates must be qualified in their arenas and capable of serving the interests of the State and the people.
In fact, candidates must be those who can truly serve the interests of the country, who can genuinely uphold democratic principles, and who can faithfully safeguard Our Three Main National Causes. Those candidates must be capable of searching the requirements of people in relevant constituencies, seeking ways and means to fulfil the needs of people, to improve the socioeconomic lives of residents, and to develop the most important sectors of their areas in their terms.
Actually, as those candidates have decided to serve the interests of the State and the people, they have to avoid all forms of malpractices such as corruption, illegal movements and unexpected wicked ways over others in breaking the laws. If so, people will recognize those Hluttaw representatives as their credible ones. The respective Chief Ministers shall take the lead to ensure the success of the election and the emergence of those who will work for the good of the State.
In the election, people will elect candidates to represent them in the Hluttaw as a platform to speak out their aspirations and executive, legislative and judicial processes for the State. Hence, when those representatives assume power, they must not become arrogant or ungrateful, but rather govern with respect, treating the people as their benefactors. Only then will peace and prosperity prevail throughout the country.

The State has already set a date for holding the election, and preparations are being made to conduct it in stages. A genuine election represents an opportunity to resolve one of the greatest challenges facing many people in Myanmar, and it is important not to miss this chance but to grasp it firmly.
For the election to be held successfully, nationwide stability and peace are essential. Successive governments have sought solutions for Myanmar’s peace through various approaches of dialogue and have continuously implemented peace processes. However, lasting peace remains distant. If lasting peace remains distant, the genuine practice of a multi-party democratic system, which the entire population aspires to, will also remain out of reach.

Therefore, since lasting peace, national prosperity, and social and economic development are the aspirations of the entire nation and all ethnic communities, all stakeholders involved in the peace process are urged to engage in dialogue and negotiation in accordance with democratic principles. They should set aside personal desires, prioritize what is necessary, and work to implement lasting peace as quickly as possible.

True peace can only be achieved through dialogue and negotiation. In carrying out peace processes, instead of speaking only about what one desires, it is necessary to focus on what is appropriate and to work together in unity on what is realistically possible. By doing so, a practical, strong, and lasting peace can be built, prioritizing the well-being of the nation and its people. In peace dialogues, all stakeholders must engage in balanced and fair deliberations. It is also essential that all parties faithfully uphold and implement the commitments they have agreed upon for peace.
Numerous rounds of peace talks have already been held. However, for various reasons, some commitments were not honoured, and as a result, lasting peace remains out of reach. Through these negotiations, 43 agreements were signed and confirmed for the purpose of amending and supplementing the 2008 Constitution. These agreements, together with the outcomes of past Union Peace Conferences compiled as the Union Accord, must be submitted to the future Union Parliament that will emerge from the upcoming election, so that the process of constitutional amendment and supplementation can be carried forward.
Past actions must be reviewed to identify both strengths and weaknesses. For the upcoming staged elections to be held successfully, all relevant stakeholders and the entire public must participate actively. Only by successfully conducting the election will the nation be able to return to the path of multi-party democracy.
Therefore, since lasting peace, national prosperity, and social and economic development are the aspirations of the entire nation and all ethnic communities, all stakeholders involved in the peace process are urged to engage in dialogue and negotiation in accordance with democratic principles. They should set aside personal desires, prioritize what is necessary, and work to implement lasting peace as quickly as possible.

In contemporary political discourse, the terms popularism and elitism often emerge as rhetorical opposites, yet their definitions, both in dictionaries and in practice, are far from static. Lexicographically, popularism refers to a political approach that emphasizes policies with broad public appeal, often prioritizing electoral viability over ideological purity. Elitism, by contrast, denotes a belief in the leadership or influence of a select, often intellectually or socially privileged group. These definitions offer a useful starting point, but they barely scratch the surface of how these concepts operate within real-world political ecosystems.
In practice, popularism can be wielded as a pragmatic strategy or dismissed as pandering, depending on the speaker’s vantage point. Likewise, elitism may be framed as a commitment to expertise and institutional integrity – or condemned as exclusionary and disconnected from the public will. The tension between these two frameworks is not merely semantic; it reflects deeper ideological battles over representation, legitimacy, and the role of public opinion in governance. This essay explores how these terms are defined, deployed, and contested across various political contexts, revealing the fluid boundaries between principle and performance.
To grasp the lived consequences of popularism and elitism, it is instructive to look beyond our own borders. Political landscapes across the globe offer vivid case studies where these philosophies have collided, evolved, and reshaped national destinies. In the United States, the rise of Donald Trump exemplified a form of popularism that weaponized anti-elite sentiment, even as it emerged from elite privilege. In Venezuela, Hugo Chávez’s populist revolution sought to dismantle entrenched hierarchies, only to give way to authoritarian excesses under Nicolás Maduro. Argentina’s Peronist legacy, meanwhile, reveals how popularism can forge enduring emotional bonds with the working class, while provoking fierce resistance from elite institutions. These examples are not merely historical footnotes; they are cautionary tales and instructive mirrors. By examining them, we can begin to distinguish the rhetorical allure of popularism from its structural impact, and the protective promise of elitism from its potential to alienate. In doing so, we equip ourselves with a more nuanced lens – one that helps us navigate our own political complexities with clarity and care.

Popularism and Elitism: Ideologies in Extremes
Popularism: The Voice of the People
Popularism champions the idea that political legitimacy springs directly from the will of the majority. It thrives on emotional connection, grassroots energy, and the belief that ordinary citizens know best.

When Popularism Works Well:
It revitalizes democracy by engaging disenfranchised groups.
It forces elites to listen and respond to public concerns.
It can dismantle outdated hierarchies and promote social justice.

When Popularism Goes Too Far:
It may reduce complex policy debates to simplistic slogans.
Leaders may bypass institutions in the name of “the people”, eroding checks and balances.
It risks empowering demagogues who manipulate public emotion for personal gain.
Real-World Echoes: In some populist regimes, initial promises of empowerment devolved into authoritarianism. The leader becomes the sole interpreter of the people’s will, silencing dissent and dismantling democratic norms.

Elitism: The Rule of the Qualified
Elitism asserts that governance should be led by those with superior knowledge, education, or experience. It values expertise, deliberation, and institutional continuity.

When Elitism Works Well:
It ensures decisions are informed by evidence and long-term thinking.
It protects democratic institutions from impulsive shifts in public mood.
It can foster innovation and stability through technocratic leadership.
When Elitism Goes Too Far:
It breeds arrogance and detachment from everyday realities.
It may suppress dissenting voices and alternative perspectives.
It risks entrenching privilege and creating a closed circle of power.
Real-World Echoes: In highly elitist systems, citizens may feel alienated and unheard. This can fuel backlash movements that reject expertise altogether, leading to political polarization and instability.

Final Thought for This Essay
Popularism and elitism are not inherently good or evil; they are tools of governance that reflect different values. But when either ideology becomes absolute, it distorts the democratic balance. Understanding their strengths and dangers is essential for any society that seeks to govern wisely.
Myanmar’s political history offers a textured canvas on which the tensions between popularism and elitism have been repeatedly inscribed. At various junctures, movements claiming to represent the “true will” of the people have risen in opposition to entrenched institutions, invoking cultural identity, religious solidarity, or national pride as rallying cries. These popularist currents, while energizing segments of the public, have at times veered into exclusionary rhetoric, casting minorities or dissenting voices as threats to unity. Conversely, elite-led governance, often rooted in military or bureaucratic hierarchies, has emphasized order, stability, and strategic control. While such elitism has occasionally delivered reforms and modernization, it has also risked detachment from the lived realities of ordinary citizens. The interplay between these forces – neither wholly virtuous nor entirely corrosive – has shaped Myanmar’s political evolution in ways that continue to echo today. By examining these patterns, we gain insight into how ideologies can both illuminate and obscure the path towards inclusive governance.
Conclusion: Between Ideals and Realities
Popularism and elitism, though often framed as opposites, are not merely competing ideologies; they are reflections of how societies wrestle with power, representation, and legitimacy. Each carries the potential to uplift or to fracture, depending on how far it is pushed and by whom. Popularism can awaken democratic energy, but when untethered from principle, it risks becoming a tool of manipulation. Elitism can safeguard institutional wisdom, yet when insulated from public sentiment, it may breed alienation and distrust. The challenge lies not in choosing one over the other, but in understanding how each functions, and how their extremes can distort the very ideals they claim to uphold.
This essay has sought to illuminate the contours of these two philosophies, drawing from global and local echoes to reveal their light and shadow. Yet the story does not end here. In a follow-up essay, I will turn to the difficult terrain of compromise and reconciliation – concepts that remain elusive in our current climate, but essential if we are to move beyond ideological entrenchment. For now, let this reflection serve as a foundation: a lens through which we might better understand the forces that shape our politics, and the choices that shape our future.

Views expressed in the article belong solely to the author